英国文学史及选读

1、History and Anthology of English Literature,Course Conclusion,Structure Early and Medieval English Literature Renaissance English Literature The English Literature of The 17th Century The English literature of The Enlightenment Age The Age of Romanticism The Victorian Age The 20th-Century British po

2、etry,Early and Medieval English Literature,5 Century-1485,“Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society. “Medieval period” is a quite special period in English history. In Chinese “Medieval” or “The Middle Age”. The Angle-Saxons: English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon

3、 settlement Anglo-Saxon Language (old English) Beowulf The Norman: Feudalism, landlord taken collectively, they establish Shakespeare as the foremost literary talent of his own Elizabethan Age and, even more impressively, as a genius whose creative achievement has never been surpassed in any age.,Wi

4、lliam Shakespeare,英国著名戏剧家和诗人。出生于沃里克郡.斯特拉特福镇的一个富裕市民家庭，曾在当地文法学校学习。13岁时家道中落辍学经商，约1586年前往伦敦。先在剧院门前为贵族顾客看马，后逐渐成为剧院的杂役、演员、剧作家和股东。1597年在家乡购置了房产，一生的最后几年在家乡度过。,Achievements of Shakespeare,莎士比亚是16世纪后半叶到17世纪初英国最著名的作家（本琼斯称他为“时代的灵魂”），也是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。他共写有37部戏剧，154首14行诗，两首长诗和其他诗歌。长诗维纳斯与阿多尼斯（15921593）和鲁克丽丝受辱记

5、（15931594）均取材于罗马诗人维奥维德吉尔的著作，主题是描写爱情不可抗拒以及谴责违背“荣誉”观念的兽行。14行诗（15921598）多采用连续性的组诗形式，主题是歌颂友谊和爱情。其主要成就是戏剧，按时代、思想和艺术风格的发展，可分为早、中、晚3个时期。,Shakespeare早期（15901600年）,这时期的伊丽莎白中央主权尚属巩固，王室跟工商业者及新贵族的暂时联盟尚在发展，1588年打败西班牙“无敌舰队”后国势大振。这使作者对生活充满乐观主义情绪，相信人文主义思想可以实现。这时期所写的历史剧和喜剧都表现出明朗、乐观的风格。历史剧如理查三世（1592）、亨利三世（1599）等，谴责封建

6、暴君，歌颂开明君主，表现了人文主义的反封建暴政和封建割据的开明政治理想。喜剧如仲夏夜之梦（1596），第十二夜（1600）、皆大欢喜（16O0）等，描写温柔美丽、坚毅勇敢的妇女，冲破重重封建阻拦，终于获得爱情胜利，表现了人文主义的歌颂自由爱情和反封建禁欲束缚的社会人生主张。就连这时期写成的悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶（1595）也同样具有不少明朗乐观的因素。,Shakespeare中期（16011607年）,这时英国农村的“圈地运动”正在加速进行，王权和资产阶级及新贵族的暂时联盟正在瓦解，社会矛盾深化重结，政治经济形势日益恶化，詹姆士一世继位后的挥霍无度和倒行逆施，更使人民痛苦加剧，反抗迭起。在这种情况

7、下，莎士比亚深感人文主义理想与现实的矛盾越来越加剧，创作风格也从明快乐观变为阴郁悲愤，其所写的悲剧也不是重在歌颂人文主义理想，而是重在揭露批判社会的种种罪恶和黑暗。代表作哈姆雷特（16O1）展现了一场进步势力与专治黑暗势力寡不敌众的惊心动魄斗争。奥赛罗（1604）描写了一幕冲破封建束缚又陷入资本主义利己主义阴谋的青年男女的感人爱情悲剧。李尔王（1606）描写刚愎自用的封建君王在真诚和伪善的事实教育下变为一个现实而具同情心的“人”的过程。麦克白（1606）则揭露权势野心对人的毁灭性腐蚀毒害作用。这时期所写的喜剧终成眷属、一报还一报等也同样具有悲剧色彩。,Shakespeare晚期（1608161

8、2年）,这时詹姆士一世王朝更加腐败，社会矛盾更加尖锐。莎士比亚深感人文主义理想的破灭，乃退居故乡写浪漫主义传奇剧。其创作风格也随之表现为浪漫空幻。辛白林（1609）和冬天的故事（1610）写失散后的团聚或遭诬陷后的昭雪、和解。暴风雨（1611）写米兰公爵用魔法把谋权篡位的弟弟安东尼奥等所乘的船摄到荒岛，并宽恕了他，其弟也交还了王位。一场类似哈姆雷特的政治风暴，在宽恕感化中变得风平浪静。 马克思称莎士比亚为“人类最伟大的天才之一”。恩格斯盛赞其作品的现实主义精神与情节的生动性、丰富性。莎氏的作品几乎被翻译成世界各种文字。1919年后被介绍到中国，现已有中文的莎士比亚全集。,1.A masterh

9、and for every form of drama. 2.Skilled in many poeticpetk forms, esp. sonnet 3.A great master of English language 4.The summit of the English Renaissance,Contributions,The merchant of Venice As You Like I Twelfth Night Midsummer Nights Dream,Comedy,一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”,Romeo and Juliet,Hamlet Othello

10、 King Lear Macbeth,Tragedy,The Sonnets A Lovers Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy by W.S.,Poetry,莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。 丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家Saxo Grammaticus写的丹麦史，后法、英两国剧作家据此改编成剧本。一般认为莎士比亚的哈姆莱特系根据同时代作家基德一部现已失传的厄哈姆莱特（Ur Hamlet）改编而来的。改编后的剧本保留了原剧本的主要框架，但却被赋予了原剧本所没有的感情深度与

11、艺术魅力。,哈姆莱特,Hamlet is without question the most famous play in the English language. Probably written in 1601 or 1602, the tragedy is a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development; the playwright achieved artistic maturity in this work through his brilliant depiction of the heros struggle with two

12、 opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his fathers murder.,The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opp

13、osing end them. To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come

14、, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely, The pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spur

15、ns,To Be Or Not To BeHamlet,十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。 A basic form of poetry consisting of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed (abab,cdcd, efef, gg).,Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds

16、 of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of the heaven shines And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or natures changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that

17、fair thou owst; Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growst: So long as a man can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,Sonnet 18,Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the Viscount St. Albans) was an English lawy

18、er, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of modern science Early in his career he claimed “all knowledge as his province” and afterwards dedicated himself to a wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning.,Francis Bacon,Of Studies Of be

19、auty Of friendship Of envy,Essays,Of Study (excerpt) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, an

20、d perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor

21、of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire

22、them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, other

23、s to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.,The English Literature of The 17th Century,The Metaphysical poets About the beginning o

24、f the 17th century there appeared in England a school of poets called “Metaphysicals”. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized,generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne was the founder of the school.,John Milton (16081674) Milton is one of the v

25、ery few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a great poet and important prose writer. Milton is the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure who want tried seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation.,John Milto

26、ns three sections of literay career,The first period (1625 to 1639)- During which time he was to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanity and Elizabethans. Works: Comus 1634 Lycidas 1638,The second period- as the spokesman of the Revolution. Works : Areopagitica 1644 Defense of the English People 16

27、51 Second Defense of the English People 1654 The third period- after the Restoration Works : Paradise Lost 1667 Paradise Regained 1671 Samson Agonistes 1671,Paradise Lost Miltons masterpiece. It consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter). Ba

28、sed on the Old Testament, it tells the story of Satans revolt against God, the temptation of Adam and Eve, and their expulsionkspl()n; ek- from Paradise.,John Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrims Progress天路历程,十八世纪 英国启蒙时期 the Age of Reason,Daniel Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel,His Literary creat

29、ion,Pamphlets:小册子 The Trueborn Englishman-A Satire 1701年他发表一首讽刺诗真正英国人，认为没有纯种的英国人，反对贵族天主教势力，为外籍的信奉新教的威廉三世辩护。 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters 铲除不同教派的捷径 Hymn to Pillory (1703)在狱中笛福仿希腊诗人品达罗斯的颂歌体写了一首立枷颂(1703)，讽刺法律不公。,Novels and Other Works,鲁滨孙漂流记 一个骑士的回忆录 辛格顿船长 摩尔弗兰德斯 瘟疫年纪事,Robinson Crusoe (1719) Me

30、moirs of a Cavalier (1720) Captain Singleton (1720) The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders (1722) A Journal of the Plague Year (1722),杰克上校 罗克查娜 大不列颠岛周游记 海盗通史 经商全书,Colonel Jack (1722) Roxana (1724) A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-1727) A General History of the Pirates (1

31、724-1728) The Complete English Tradesman (1725-1727),Significance of Robinson Crusoe,Defoe traces the development of Robinson from a naive and artless youth into a clever and hardened man tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a

32、 hero struggling against nature and human fate with his indomitable will and hands, and eulogizesjuldaz赞颂 creative labor, physical and mental, an allusionlu()n 暗示 to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and energetic class in the initial stage of its historical developm

33、ent. From an individual laborer to a master and colonizerklnaiz , Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization.,Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)乔纳森斯威夫特,The most powerful satirist of the age (his pamphlets) satirist strist,Introduction,Swifts greatest satire work, Gullivers Travel

34、s, is written in 1726, the book has not lost its significance to the present day and can be justly ranked among the best novel of world literature.,As a whole, the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.,Romanticism in England,the Age of Poetry,1. Definiti