英国经济(英文版)

1、The U.K. Economy,Unit 4,Contents: 1. A Brief Introduction to U.K. Economy 2. Absolute Decline and Relative Decline 3. Recent History 4. The Current U.K. Economy 5. Case Study: The Aerospace,Britain is one of the major market economics in the world. It is a member state of the seven major industriali

2、zed countries (G7). It is the first country to introduce a new economic system :the capitalist system.,economic system and structure,Free enterprise, market economy Adam smith An inquire into the nature and causes of he wealth of nations Laissez-faire The public sector/the state owned enterprises Th

3、e private sector/private individuals monopolyP46,The Evolution of the British Economy since the War,The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods: (1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low

4、unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption. (2) Economic recession经济滞胀 in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate通货膨胀率 , and the high record of trade deficits贸易赤字 . (3) Economic

5、 recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments国际收支大大盈余 .,Measures taken by Mrs. Thatchers government to impro

6、ve the economy,Mrs. Thatchers government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.宏观经济政策和微观经济政策 (1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price

7、stability. (2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.,Mining and Manufacturing Industries,Britains oil and natural gas Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is

8、 not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized. Modern farming requires things which are all oil-based. Today Britain has the richest energy so

9、urces in the European Union, with more than 60 offshore fields. Britain is now the worlds eighth largest producer of crude oil and natural gas liquids.,coal mining,Coal was the primary source of energy in Britain for many years. It was once the largest producer of coal. Today the coal industry in Br

10、itain is on the decline，the number of miners, and the total output have been falling. The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction提炼 , poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient f

11、uels, etc.,Britains iron and steel industry,Britains deposits of iron ore played an important role in the Industrial revolution. It is still one of the worlds major steel producting nations. But today British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons: 1. Local supplies of iron o

12、re have become exhausted; 2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke焦炭 cannot recover valuable by-products; 3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂 are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation; 4. Many steelworks have to be closed do

13、wn, causing major unemployment in an area.,The Textile Industry,The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside,约克郡和汉伯塞德郡 and Northern Ireland. New industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are thr

14、ee areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth: (1).the area between London and South Wales, (2).the Cambridge area of East Anglia and (3).the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the

15、 Silicon Glen. By the end of 1985 half of Britains microchip output was estimated to have come from Scotland.,The reasons behind the decline of Britains textile industry are:,(1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper good

16、s. (2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers. (3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem. (4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres. (5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to m

17、echanization.,Foreign Trade and Agriculture,Britain is a trading nation . Visible British Telecom; British Petroleum; the electricity, gas and water companies were sold off.,Margaret Thatcher,Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in Eng

18、land in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies货币主义政策 to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order

19、. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.,Main cities in Britain,Main cities in Britain,London UniversityofEastLondon,LondonMetropolitanUniversity,RoyalHollowayUniversityofLondon,GreenwichUniversity Manchester曼彻斯特Manchester位于英国

20、西北部，是英国第三大城市，人口250万。乘坐火车去伦敦和伯明翰分别只要3个小时和一个半小时，去爱丁堡也只要3个半小时。曼彻斯特拥有全英第二大的中国城，中国城内遍布饭店和超市。每逢元霄节等重大节日，在这里都会举行盛大的庆祝活动。此地最为引人瞩目的当属英超豪门曼联了，周末您可以就近观看曼联的比赛。 位于曼彻斯特的大学有：UniversityofManchester,UniversityofSalford. 伯明翰Birmingham位于英格兰中部平原，是英国第二大城市，距伦敦仅160千米，人口224万。市区分为新城和老城，新城火车站附近是英国工业展览会的所在地，老城车站是伯明翰的市中心，这里商店集

21、中，道路狭窄，人流不息，因而禁止车辆通行。伯明翰市区只有少数的高楼大厦，大部建筑都是维多利亚式的二层楼房，古朴典雅。伯明翰是现代冶金和机器制造工业的创始地，同时也是全国主要铁路、公路干线和运河网的交汇点，交通十分便利。伯明翰远郊工厂林立，其工业产值占全国的1/5。城市本身是英国近年来发展迅速的文化中心，其交响乐团及爵士乐队都在国际上享有盛名。更有说法流传为“伯明翰的树木比巴黎更多，河流比威尼斯更多”。另外，体育也是伯明翰人生活中的重要组成部分，1990年伯明翰被正式命名为“欧洲体育之城”。 位于伯明翰的大学有：UniversityofBirmingham,UniversityofAston,U

22、niversityofCentralEngland,诺丁汉Nottingham诺丁汉位于英格兰中部，也是东米德兰(EastMidlands)地区的首府。是英国仅次于伦敦的第二大贸易集散地。诺丁汉距离伦敦约200公里，处于英国的交通枢纽位置，所以这里的交通非常的便利，你能很轻易地前往三个机场（伯明翰机场、曼彻斯特机场以及东米德兰机场），同时诺丁汉还有通往英国各地的巴士服务。诺丁汉的公路以及铁路四通八达，乘坐火车只需要2个小时即可到达伦敦。诺丁汉市名店与餐厅林立，戏院、剧场、各式会社一应俱全，体育设施近在咫尺，并且拥有两支英国足球超级联赛的球队。在城市的北边是著名的山峰区国家公园。城市附近有许多游

23、览胜地，如莎士比亚的家乡、华威的古老的城堡、剑桥和牛津、罗马遗址等。诺丁汉是一个友好的城市，并被推选为最适合学生学习的城市。此外，根据传说，曾于六百多年前在舍伍德森林(SherwoodForest)出没、劫富济贫的绿林好汉罗宾汉便和诺丁汉市有深远的关系。诺丁汉市的旅游景点包括诺丁汉城堡、博物馆、艺术馆，以及风光如画的郊外。 位于诺丁汉的大学有：UniversityofNottingham,NottinghamTrentUniversity 纽卡斯尔Newcastle纽卡斯尔是一个纽卡斯尔是一个极富活力的大学城，自19世纪以来就被誉为“活力之城”。这里有丰富多彩的文化生活。最近被美国旅行社Wei

24、ssmanTravel评选为世界排名第八的最佳城市，而且是榜上有名的唯一的英国城市。并且纽卡斯尔的商品和服务在英国是相对便宜的。 位于纽卡斯尔的大学有：UniversityofNewcastle,NorthumbriaUniversity 普利茅斯Plymouth普利茅斯是英国西南海岸最大的城市,拥有便利的公路.铁路.航空和海上交通,人口大约25万,其中包括来自100多个国家和地区的留学生。市区中心拥有许多现代化商场和大型购物中心,皇家剧院频繁上演包括芭蕾,现代舞歌剧,话剧在内的众多剧目,艺术画廊,影院,水族馆也是大众休闲娱乐的首选场所。大面积天然的海域,港湾提供了诸如潜水,冲浪,滑板此类的休

25、闲运动,而骑车,爬山,散步也是很受欢迎的陆地休闲活动。除了绵延的海滩,普利茅斯周边也有许多环境优美的乡村UniversityofPlymouth 。,爱丁堡Edinburgh爱丁堡是苏格兰首都，是一个历史悠久、风景秀丽文化城市，依山傍水，地貌多姿，素有“北方雅典”之称。爱丁堡城堡是爱丁堡市的象征，对世界各地的游客来说，有着无法抗拒的魅力，而哈里.波特的诞生，又为这座古城平添了神秘的色彩。此外，爱丁堡不仅是政治中心，而且由是文化中心。著名的爱丁堡国际艺术节常吸引为来自世界各地的一流文艺团体在此举行精彩的演出。爱丁堡也是医疗、司法、银行保险、核能及电子研究的中心。该市人口44万。始建于公元6世纪，

26、12世纪建成。有“欧洲最美丽城市之誉”。 位于爱丁堡的大学有：UniversityofEdinburgh,Heriot-WattUniversity 莱斯特Leicester莱斯特是一座融现代及古老于一体的城市，位于英国的中部，向南去伦敦坐火车仅75分钟，朝北去伯名翰机场开车仅45分钟。城市人口30万人，其中10%是学生，这使得整个城市富有勃勃生机。莱斯特城从前罗马城至今一直是一个繁盛的商业中心，市中心有介绍古罗马的博物馆，整个城市被古罗马城墙所环绕，中世纪教堂，维多利亚公园及历时700年之久的欧洲最大贸易市场使该城以优美典雅取胜于邻滨城市。每年在莱斯特都有多项盛大节日，这里除英国伦敦外最大的

27、加勒比海狂欢节之外还有中国的新年，印度的排灯节，国际音乐节等等。莱斯特一年一度的喜剧节是英国同类节日中规模最大的一项，它云集全英国最有名的喜剧演员吸引观众达4万人以上。 位于莱斯特的大学有：UniversityofLeicester,谢菲尔德Sheffield谢菲尔德市为第四大城市，位于环境优美且历史悠久的南约克夏郡，虽然在行政单位上属于英格兰北部，但其地理位置实际上位于整个英国的中心地带，距离伦敦170英里，车程约二小时四十分钟，旅行至英国其他地区交通亦相当方便。谢菲尔德市原属一座工业城市，以钢铁制造业而闻名于世。近年来，城市已趋向多元化的发展。1991年世界学生运动会在这里举行时，带动了整

28、个城市的体育风气及运动设施的进步，而英国政府也于1997年宣布将耗资6千万英镑在此地成立英国运动协会。位于市郊的国家公园，除提供了一个训练运动员的良好自然环境之外，也是人们周末休闲及体会英国乡村风光的最佳去处。 位于谢菲尔德的大学有：SheffieldUniversity,SheffieldHallamUniversity 利物浦Liverpool利物浦现人口100万。利物浦不仅以披头士摇滚乐队，足球队和地方俏皮话闻名，现在利物浦已经发生了巨大的变化，而且已经成为英国的一个文化，教育，娱乐和体育的中心城市，刚刚被评选为欧洲的文化之都就足以说明这一切。利物浦是社交生活和娱乐生活的天堂，有很多离奇

29、和受欢迎的地方。利物浦所在的墨西郡是英国目前经济发展速度最快的地方。利物浦的物价平稳，且相对便宜，是生活的好地方。 位于利物浦的大学有：UniversityofLiverpool,UniversityofLiverpoolJohnMoores,剑桥Cambridge剑桥城建于罗马人之手，是英国最可爱的城市之一。几百年来，它不仅是一个重要的贸易市场，也是一个重要的学习中心。这座美丽迷人的古城融喧闹的公共场地与幽静的乡村田园于一体。向世人展现着欧洲各种各样的古老建筑。在剑桥，你还可以找到名目繁多的各种商店，出售包括从鱼类，新鲜蔬菜到珠宝，二手书和家具等各种商品。安格利亚理工大学剑桥校区就坐落在剑桥

30、城的中心地带。 位于剑桥的大学有：CambridgeUniversity,AngliaPolytechnicUniversity 牛津Oxford牛津闻名于它的世界一流学府的地位和遍布各地的古迹,使它成为人们极度梦想的城市。9世纪建立的，距今有800多年历史的牛津城是英国皇族和学者的摇篮。现在牛津已经成为了熙熙攘攘的世界城市。尽管还是那个古老的大学城，但遍布城市各个角落的商业企业，特别是高科技企业使牛津这座古老的城市焕发了青春的活力。 位于牛津的大学有：UniversityofOxford,UniversityofOxfordBrookes 利兹Leeds利兹是一个永不衰退的地方，表现在金融，

31、商业和传媒等方面的持续繁荣，使它在工作就业方面有很大的潜力。在文化，商业，以及风格方面的独树一帜所获得了广泛的赞誉，使利兹成为北方第一位的社会中心。CondNast旅游杂志的读者评选利兹是英国最好的城市，著名的城市像伦敦，爱丁堡都排在它的后面，经过对28个英国最主要的企业的调查，OMIS的研究显示，利兹是英国最佳经商的城市。利兹刚刚被评为英国最佳购物城市的前三名之一，市内众多不同种类，不同风格的商店满足不同口味的顾客。 位于利兹的大学有：LeedsUniversity,LeedsMetropolitanUniversity,拉夫堡Loughborough拉夫堡位于英格兰中部。与莱斯特，诺丁汉和

32、德比是近邻。紧挨Charmwood森林。毗邻峰区国家公园。这里有便利的交通运输系统。M1快速干道从拉夫堡很容易的抵达英国任何的目的地。乘火车到伦敦仅需一个半小时左右。EastMidlands国际机场使您的目的地延伸至世界各地。 位于拉夫堡的大学有：LoughboroughUniversity 格拉斯哥Glasgow格拉斯哥坐落在苏格兰西部，是苏格兰地区最大的城市，人口62万。格拉斯哥市中心离国际机场只有20分钟的车程，与苏格兰地区包括爱丁堡在内的众多观光城市相距都在一个小时左右的路程，到苏格兰高地，英格兰地区等很容易，并且有便利的公路和铁路与欧洲相连。格拉斯哥集艺术、历史、建筑、音乐、运动、购

33、物等于一体，是融古老于现代的经典城市之一。苏格兰人热情友好，为格拉斯哥这个有辉煌文化和传统的城市又注入了活力。 位于格拉斯哥的大学有：GlasgowUniversity,GlasgowCaledonianUniversity 阿伯丁Aberdeen阿伯丁是苏格兰的第三大城市，拥有25万人口，其中2万是学生。它有两所大学和一所大型的继续教育学院，因此，这里专为学生准备的节目、活动和服务也比较丰富。阿伯丁市还是重要的商业中心，它被誉为是欧洲的石油之都。该城市的文化活动丰富多彩，有电影院和剧院，体育设施卓越，对于喜欢户外运动的人来说，苏格兰的高地与湖泊都离大学较近。阿伯丁交通十分便利，乘火车去爱丁堡

34、和格拉斯哥只要两个半小时；乘飞机去伦敦只要一个半小时。同时兼职工作机会在阿伯丁也很多，一般是在服务性行业，如超市、商店、旅馆和餐馆等。 位于阿伯丁的大学有：UniversityofAberdeen,RobertGordonUniversity,卡迪夫Cardiff卡迪夫是威尔士的首府，有人口32万。卡迪夫已经从一个煤都快速发展转变成为被认为是一些英国最漂亮的乡村所环绕的欧洲最好的海上城市之一；也被认为是英国生活质量最好的城市之一。卡迪夫的公园和休闲花园世界闻名，有着英国最好的购物中心，远近闻名的中心广场被古市政大厅，法院，博物馆和大学校园所包围，1998年的欧盟会议就在市政大厅举行。作为威尔士

35、的首府，卡迪夫也是文化之都，每年的音乐和戏剧节世界闻名。 位于卡迪夫的大学有：UniversityofCardiff,UniversityofWalesCardiffInstitute,Cultural and Social life,British culture has a reputation for the requirement of decency and civility in doing things. The English gentlemen American cowboys The English society is unique in that the educate

36、d upper and middle classes have continued to play their decisive role in the English society.,Class structure and social problems,Upper class Duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron Lower upper class Knight, squires, gentry/country gentlemen Middle class working class,British Family,Christianity attach

37、es the utmost importance to family life and the upbringing of children. It is believed in Britain that people start socializing at home and family life plays a very important role in training responsible citizens. Nuclear family The British marriage has always been monogamy. Patriarchal,British Fami

38、ly,Parents are the legal as well as natural guardians of their child. P66 Children neednt provide for their parents. The golden rule: to be seen, but not heard Light tea High tea,Cultural and Social life,Health and Social Services Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of

39、national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security. 英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来源于全国保险税和赋税。在英国，这主要是指国民保健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。,The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income

40、, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of c

41、ertain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes. 不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居民提供全面医疗服务。英国于1948年确立此制度。英国国民保健制度82%以下的费用来自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金中的国民保险金部分；（2）象对家庭一生开的药单和普通牙科治疗所收的费用；（3）其他收入，包

42、括出售土地和增收计划的收益。,There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment, including examinations. Sight test are free to children. No one is liable to be charged by the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease. Central government is dir

43、ectly responsible for the NHS, which is administered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout the U. 国民保健制度中多数牙科治疗都要收取一定比例的费用，包括检查费。视力检查对儿童免费。国民保健制度对事故，急诊或传染病的治疗不收费，中央政府直接负责国民保健制度，由全国各地的保健机构和卫生委员会实施,The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentist

44、s, opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows as a family doctor). 家庭保健服务由医生、牙医、眼科大夫和药剂师提供给病人。为获得国民保健制度的服务，人们必须在普通开业医生的名册上注册。 A full range of hospital services is provided by di

45、strict general hospital. There are also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness, those with learning disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specific diseases. 地区普通医院提供全面的医院服务。也有为儿童，精神病人，有学习障碍者，老人和特殊病人开设的专门医院或病区。,The National Health Service

46、is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K. NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which many better-off people have been turning to private medical health care. 国民保健制度是英国最大的用人机构。近几十年来，因为资金不足，许多比较富裕的人正逐渐转向私人的医疗保健机构。 Personal social services in Britain assist el

47、derly people, disabled people, people with learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing special problems. These statutory service are provided by local government social services authorities. 在英国，个人社会服务向老人，残疾人，有学习障碍者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困难的人等。地方政府社会服务委员会提供法定援助。,Social Security,1. The

48、 social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up child

49、ren or on very low incomes. 社会保险制度设立的目的是保障经济困难的人们的基本生活水平，政府开支的近三分之一用于社会保险计划。此计划给老人，病人，残疾人，失业者，寡妇，抚育幼儿者或低收入者提供经济帮助。 2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies of the Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency. 大不列颠的社会保险由社会保险部独立执行

50、机构管理，在北爱尔兰则是社会保险局。,3. contributory social security benefits, it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2) unemployment pension; (3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternity allowance and widowss benefits. 需要先交费的社会安全福利（个人有工作收入时交，无收入时领），其中包括：退休金，失业金，病残福利金，孕产期补助金，寡妇补助金。 4. non-contributory social s

51、ecurity benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2) industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit. 不需要先交费的福利金，包括战争伤亡抚恤金，工伤致残救济金，儿童补助金，低收入家庭补助金。,Religion,Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. He m

52、ay change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.,Established churches国教,There are two established church in Britain: in E

53、ngland the church of England and Scotland the Church of England. 英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。 Unestablished churches 非国教教会 There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教)，the Roman Catholic Church（罗马天主教）。,Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sover

54、eign must be a member of that Church and as Defender of the Faith. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament. 英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为国

55、教的捍卫者必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。国教还通过上议院与政府联系。没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变国教祈祷书中规定的礼拜仪式。 The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissi

56、oner. 英格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。,A Brief Introduction to U.K. Economy,Contents: 1. Reason of the development of Britains economy 2. The Industrial Revolution 3. Location 4. Ownership,Reason of the development of Britains economy,1. Up to the end of the 18th century, Britain ha

57、d been a mercantile power ,thus appeared the theory of mercantilism. The great trading companies, like the Hudsons Bay Company of Canada and the East India Company of India, virtually became monopolies. 2. Britain, as the first industrial nation, was in a unique position to benefit from free trade.

58、3. Merchants who had become rich through foreign trade had much surplus wealth to invest in new, more efficient production methods.,theory of mercantilism,The theory of mercantilism held that the acquisition of gold and silver, in payment for goods exported, in creased the wealth of a nation. From t

59、his developed the doctrine of the balance of trade : only by an excess of exports over imports could a country grow wealthy and self-sufficient, through extensive foreign trade, Britain sold its surplus products abroad for gold and silver.,The Industrial Revolution,1. Coal Mining 2. Advantages of Industrial Revolution,Advantages of Industrial