英语综合教程2(高职高专英语专业适用)Unit 1课件(text B)

1、,Introduction,Introductory Questions 1. Do people of different cultures have different ideas about what kinds of food are appropriate to eat? If yes, please give some examples. 2. Are food likes and dislikes always related to nutrition? Why? 3. What foods are considered taboo in Chinese culture? 4.

2、What foods are considered taboo in the United States? 5. In what ways are food and culture connected? 6. Do you agree with the saying “What is food to one, is to others bitter poison”? If yes, can you give some examples?,Outline,Para 1,We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We

3、also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he sa

4、w someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appropriate food.,Para 2,Some people in Africa think African termites make a delicious meal. Many other people would probably be sick if

5、they had to eat termites, but one hundred grams of termites contain more than twice as many calories and almost twice as much protein as one hundred grams of cooked hamburger.,Para 3,However, food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of

6、 the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of the most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.,Para 4-1,But dislike is not the

7、only reason why some cultures will not eat a certain food. In some cultures, certain foods are taboo. Taboo is a word from the language of the Fiji Islands that is used to describe something that is forbidden. Some foods are taboo in certain religions, but there are also other food taboos that are n

8、ot connected to a religion. We do not usually think about why certain things are taboo in our culture. We may not even know why they are taboo. Anthropologists try to discover the hidden reasons for taboos.,Para 4-2,For example, the sacred cows of India are well known. Cows can go wherever they want

9、 to in the streets of India, and they can eat anything they want from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologists believe

10、that there are reasons for it.,Para 4-3,First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make

11、 cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.,Para 5,Another example is that Americans do not eat dogs, although people from some other cultures regard them as good food. In the United States, dogs a

12、re very important to people as pets. They are usually regarded as part of the family, almost like a child in some cases. In addition, dogs have value as protection against criminals. Thieves will not usually enter a house where there is a dog because the dog will bark and possibly attack a stranger

13、who is trying to get into a house. Apparently, the dogs place in society as a companion and as a protection against criminals makes the dog taboo as food.,Para 6,The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. There is some evidence that some ancient Egyptians did not eat pork. The an

14、cient Israelites also regarded pork as taboo. One explanation for the pig-eating taboo is that pork that is not cooked sufficiently may spread a disease called trichinosis. However, most people no longer think that this is a good explanation for the pork taboo.,Anthropologists believe that most food

15、 likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people. Some people live in areas where there are both large animals and many insects. It is difficult for these people to kill large animals, and it requires a lot of energy. It is easier for them to use insects for food because it i

16、s not difficult to catch insects and it does not require a lot of energy. Nomadic people who move around will not want to keep pigs for food. People will not eat pets such as dogs. Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply fo

17、r long distances by railroads.,Para 7,Summary of the Text,The foods one enjoys may disgust the other. We may have our nutritious and religious reasons for the food likes and dislikes. However, anthropologists believe that most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different peo

18、ple. For example, people in India are not allowed to eat cows because of their value and usefulness whereas American do not eat dogs because they serve as good companions and protections against criminals. Different cultures have different choices of food.,食品与文化,第一段,对于什么样的食品好吃、什么样的食品不好吃，我们都有自己的看法。因此

19、，一种文化的人常常觉得来自另一种文化的人所吃的食物是令人讨厌或令人恶心的。例如，著名拳击手穆哈默德阿里访问非洲的时候，他的一个随行人员看到有人拣起一只蝴蝶就吃，感到很不舒服。许多人会觉得吃老鼠令人厌恶，可是有42种不同文化的人认为老鼠是很好吃的食物。,第二段,非洲有些部族认为非洲白蚁是一种佳肴，而许多其他部族的人如果真的要吃白蚁的话，就很可能感到恶心。但是，与100克烧熟的汉堡相比，100克白蚁所含的热量是它的两倍多，所含的蛋白质也接近它的两倍。,第三段,然而，对食物的好恶往往和营养无关。例如，花椰菜在人们常吃的最富营养的蔬菜中名列榜首，但是在美国人最喜欢吃的蔬菜中它名列第21位。在最有营养的

20、各种蔬菜中西红柿居第16位，但在美国人最喜欢吃的蔬菜中它位居第一。,第四段-1,但是，不喜欢吃某种食物并不是具有某些文化的人不吃某种食物的唯一原因。在有些文化中，某些食物属于禁忌（Taboo）范围。Taboo是斐济群岛语言里的一个词，用来指被禁止的东西。有些食物在某些宗教里是禁忌的，但是也有其他一些禁忌的食物与宗教无关。我们通常并不去想为什么某些东西在我们的文化里是禁忌的。我们甚至不会知道为什么它们是禁忌的。人类学家设法想要找出禁忌的隐秘原因。,第四段-2,比如，印度尊崇牛为神物是众所周知的。在印度的街上，牛喜欢上哪儿就上哪儿，它们可以在街上随意吃食物摊上的任何东西。结果，牛就成了问题。然而，

21、在印度没有人会杀牛或吃牛肉，这么做是忌讳的。对别的民族来说这种习惯似乎很奇怪，但是人类学家相信这是有原因的。,第四段-3,首先，农民需要牛来帮助耕地，所以牛很宝贵。其次，牛粪可以肥田，因为在印度许多农民没钱买肥料。第三，牛粪晒干可以当柴火。因此，杀牛吃肉的农民很快会发现他们再也不能耕地、也不能用牛粪肥田，更没有牛粪做柴火了。,第五段,另外一个例子是美国人不吃狗肉，尽管其他一些文化群体把狗肉当成美食。在美国，狗作为宠物对人来说是十分重要的。人们通常把狗当作家庭的一分子，甚至有时当成他们的一个孩子。此外，狗还有防范罪犯的价值，小偷通常不会进入有狗的房子，因为狗会叫，而且可能会攻击想要进入房子的陌生

22、人。显然，狗在社会上作为人类伙伴和防范犯罪的卫士这一地位使得吃狗肉成为一种禁忌。,第六段,不止一种文化把吃猪肉当作是禁忌。有证据证明一些古埃及人是不吃猪肉的。古以色列人也把吃猪肉视为禁忌。对禁忌吃猪肉的一个解释是烧得不熟的猪肉会传播一种叫旋毛虫的疾病。然而，大多数人不再认为这是不食猪肉这一禁忌的正确解释。,第七段,人类学家相信，对大多数食物的好恶都源于不同部族的生活方式。有些部族生活在既有大动物又有许多小昆虫的地方，要他们去屠杀大动物是困难的，这需要花很多力气。用小昆虫当食物对他们来说就容易些，因为抓昆虫并不难，也不需要花很大力气。到处迁移的游牧部族不会为吃肉而养猪。人们不会把像狗那样的宠物吃

23、掉。美国人大量食用牛肉是因为他们有足够的土地来养牛，而且牛肉可以通过铁路廉价地长途运输。,Para 1,We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating.

24、When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appropriate food.,nau

25、seating a. making you feel as if you are going to vomit 令人作呕的,Para 1,We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgustin

26、g or nauseating. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appr

27、opriate food.,boxer n. a person who fights (someone) with the fists, esp. as a sport,Para 1,We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another cu

28、lture eat are disgusting or nauseating. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose peo

29、ple regard rats as appropriate food.,butterfly n. a type of insect with large often brightly colored wings 蝴蝶,Para 2,Some people in Africa think African termites make a delicious meal. Many other people would probably be sick if they had to eat termites, but one hundred grams of termites contain mor

30、e than twice as many calories and almost twice as much protein as one hundred grams of cooked hamburger.,termite n. a small white tropical insect which eats wood 白蚁,Para 2,Some people in Africa think African termites make a delicious meal. Many other people would probably be sick if they had to eat

31、termites, but one hundred grams of termites contain more than twice as many calories and almost twice as much protein as one hundred grams of cooked hamburger.,calorie n. a unit of energy which is used as a measurement for the amount of energy which food provides 卡路里，卡（热量单位）,Para 2,Some people in Af

32、rica think African termites make a delicious meal. Many other people would probably be sick if they had to eat termites, but one hundred grams of termites contain more than twice as many calories and almost twice as much protein as one hundred grams of cooked hamburger.,hamburger n. a round flat sha

33、pe made of beef, which is fried and eaten between two halves of a bread roll 汉堡包，汉堡牛肉饼,Para 3,However, food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables th

34、at Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of the most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.,broccoli n. a vegetable with a thick green stem and tree-like dark green top 花椰菜,Para 3,However, food likes and dislikes

35、do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of the most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the

36、list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.,nutrition n. food considered as something that keeps you healthy nutritious a. of high value as food,Para 4-1,But dislike is not the only reason why some cultures will not eat a certain food. In some cultures, certain foods are taboo. Taboo is a wo

37、rd from the language of the Fiji Islands that is used to describe something that is forbidden. Some foods are taboo in certain religions, but there are also other food taboos that are not connected to a religion. We do not usually think about why certain things are taboo in our culture. We may not e

38、ven know why they are taboo. Anthropologists try to discover the hidden reasons for taboos.,taboo n. an action or word avoided for religious or social reasons,Para 4-3,First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the

39、fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.,plow v. to dig land with

40、a large farming tool with blades 犁 (地),耕(地),Para 4-3,First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and b

41、urned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.,fertilizer n. a natural or chemical substance which is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well 肥料（天然或人造肥料） fertilize

42、 v. to spread a natural or chemical substance on land or plants, in order to make the plants grow well,Para 5,Another example is that Americans do not eat dogs, although people from some other cultures regard them as good food. In the United States, dogs are very important to people as pets. They ar

43、e usually regarded as part of the family, almost like a child in some cases. In addition, dogs have value as protection against criminals. Thieves will not usually enter a house where there is a dog because the dog will bark and possibly attack a stranger who is trying to get into a house. Apparentl

44、y, the dogs place in society as a companion and as a protection against criminals makes the dog taboo as food.,criminal n. a person who commits a crime or crimes,Para 5,Another example is that Americans do not eat dogs, although people from some other cultures regard them as good food. In the United

45、 States, dogs are very important to people as pets. They are usually regarded as part of the family, almost like a child in some cases. In addition, dogs have value as protection against criminals. Thieves will not usually enter a house where there is a dog because the dog will bark and possibly att

46、ack a stranger who is trying to get into a house. Apparently, the dogs place in society as a companion and as a protection against criminals makes the dog taboo as food.,bark v. (of a dog) to make a loud rough noise,Para 6,The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. There is some

47、evidence that some ancient Egyptians did not eat pork. The ancient Israelites also regarded pork as taboo. One explanation for the pig-eating taboo is that pork that is not cooked sufficiently may spread a disease called trichinosis. However, most people no longer think that this is a good explanati

48、on for the pork taboo.,explanation n. 1. the reasons you give for why something happened or why you did something 2. a statement or piece of writing intended to describe how something works or make something easier to understand,Anthropologists believe that most food likes and dislikes are a result

49、of the ways of life of different people. Some people live in areas where there are both large animals and many insects. It is difficult for these people to kill large animals, and it requires a lot of energy. It is easier for them to use insects for food because it is not difficult to catch insects

50、and it does not require a lot of energy. Nomadic people who move around will not want to keep pigs for food. People will not eat pets such as dogs. Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distances by railroads.,Pa

51、ra 7,insect n. a small creature that has six legs, and often has wings 昆虫,Anthropologists believe that most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people. Some people live in areas where there are both large animals and many insects. It is difficult for these people to

52、 kill large animals, and it requires a lot of energy. It is easier for them to use insects for food because it is not difficult to catch insects and it does not require a lot of energy. Nomadic people who move around will not want to keep pigs for food. People will not eat pets such as dogs. America

53、ns eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distances by railroads.,Para 7,nomadic a. moving from place to place rather than staying in one place 游牧部落的，流浪的,(line 2) As a result, people from one culture often think the foods t

54、hat people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating.,Because of this, people from one culture may feel extremely unpleasant and almost sick by what people eat from another culture . as a result (of): in consequence (of) e.g. They refused to pay the rent. As a result, they were turned ou

55、t of their house. He has been absent from class for as long as three months. As a result, he is now unable to keep up with the rest of the class,(line 4) . one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it., . one of the persons accompanying Ali in his visi

56、t to Africa felt very much disgusted at seeing someone taking up a butterfly and eating it. pick up: to take hold of (esp. something small or light) and lift it up from a surface; take up e.g. The little boy picked up a stone and threw it at the window. The doctor picked up her kit and dashed out of

57、 the door.,cf. Ive got to pick this room up before the guests arrive. (arrange orderly) Now lets figure out whose car will stop to pick us up. (take along in a car, ship, etc.) The hotel business always picks up in summer. (get better; increase in volume) Bob has never had a French teacher; he picke

58、d the language up by himself. (acquire; gain),(line 4) . one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it.,(line 5) . but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appropriate food., . but people from as many as forty-two different

59、 cultures consider rats to be something proper to eat. regard . as: to look upon . as; consider . as; think of . as e.g. She is generally regarded as one of the best writers in the country. They just regarded us as little kids who count for nothing.,cf. We shouldnt regard what is possible as impossible (+ adj.) Only then can we regard ourselves as having done our duty. (+ v-ing phrase) As for himself, he regarded it as of very little value. (+ prep. phrase) Waste is regarded as a crime. (passive),(line 5) . but there