语法系列7 非谓语动词

1、语法系列七,非谓语动词,非谓语动词的定义,非谓语动词的分类,不能单独充当句子谓语，而是担任其它语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。,不定式、动名词和分词（含现在分词和过去分词）。,一、主要形式,二、基本功能,三、常见用法,不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 不定式和动名词作表语的区别 现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别 动名词和现在分词作表语的区别 现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别 不定式一般被动式、现在分词一般被动式和过去分词作定语的区别 及物动词的过去分词和不及物动词的过去分词作定语的区别 现在分词和动名词作定语的区别 现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别 现在分词一般式和完成式作状语

2、的区别 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别 现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别 不定式和现在分词作宾补的区别,一、不定式和动名词作主语的区别,表示泛指意义的行为时，多用动名词（也可用不定式）作主语；但表示具体的行为（特别是将来的行为）时，必须用不定式作主语。 eg) Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To refuse him is not easy this time. （不可用动名词）,二、不定式和动名词作宾语的区别,1. like, love, hate, prefer等后接不定式作宾语时，多指特定或具体的行为；后接动名词做宾语时

3、，多指一般的倾向。 eg) I like playing football. I like to play football after school this afternoon. 2. remember, forget, regret后接不定式作宾语时，这些动词的行为先于动词不定式的行为；后接动名词作宾语时，动名词的行为先于这些动词的行为。,eg) She looked so upset. I regret telling her the bad news. I regret to tell you that you failed in the exam. 3. mean, try, st

4、op等动词后接不定式和动名词时意思完全不同。 mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着做某事 try to do 尽力做某事 try doing 尝试做某事 stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做某事 （另一件事）,三、不定式和动名词作表语的区别,不定式和动名词作表语的区别和作主语时一样。表示泛指意义的行为时，多用动名词作表语；表示特定和具体的行为时，常用不定式作表语。 eg) Their task is finding new ways to prevent pollution. Their present task is to find new

5、 ways to prevent pollution.,四、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别,现在分词作表语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系（表示主动）；过去分词作表语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系（表示被动）。 eg) The film is so exciting that we want to see it a second time. We are so excited to see the film that we want to see it again.,五、动名词和现在分词作表语的区别,动名词作表语时，相当于名词，主语和表语的位置

6、可以互换；现在分词作表语时，相当于形容词，不可与主语调换位置。 eg) My job is teaching.（动名词） (=Teaching is my job.) My job is interesting.（现在分词） (Interesting is my job.),六、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别,现在分词（一般式）作定语时，与所修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系（表示主动）；及物动词的过去分词作定语时，与所修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系（表示被动）。 eg) There were a lot of people waiting outside. Whats the

7、 language spoken in Australia?,七、不定式一般被动式、现在分词一般被动式和过去分词作定语的区别,不定式一般被动式、现在分词一般被动式和及物动词的过去分词作定语时都表示被动。不定式一般被动式作定语时，表示还未发生的被动动作；现在分词一般被动式作定语时，表示正在进行的被动动作；及物动词的过去分词作定语时，表示已经完成的被动动作。 eg) They are going to discuss the problem at the meeting to be held tomorrow. People are concerned with the meeting being

8、 held at present. He didnt turn up at the meeting held last night.,八、及物动词的过去分词和不及物动词的过去分词作定语的区别,及物动词的过去分词作定语时，既表示被动，又表示完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语时，不表示被动，只表示完成。 eg) The book, written in the last century, is still popular now. The ground is covered with fallen leaves. the risen sun boiled water a retired worker

9、 a developed country,九、现在分词和动名词作定语的区别,现在分词作定语时，表示动作或性质，可以作前置定语，也可作后置定语；动名词作定语时，表示用途，只能作前置定语。 eg) a sleeping boy（现在分词） = a boy who is sleeping a sleeping car（动名词） = a car for sleeping,十、现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别,现在分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系（表示主动）；过去分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系（表示被动）。 eg) Seeing a b

10、lind man crossing the street, she rushed up to help him. Seen from the top of the tower, the buildings of the city look like toys.,十一、现在分词一般式和完成式作状语的区别,现在分词一般式作状语时，分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；现在分词完成式作状语时，分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生。 eg) Being ill, he had to stay at home, lying in bed all day. Having drunk th

11、e coffee, he washed the cup and put it away.,十二、不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别,不定式作结果状语时，往往表示出乎意料、令人沮丧的结果。而现在分词作结果状语时则没有这一含义。 eg) We went to the theatre in a hurry only to find that the tickets had been sold out. Her husband died last year, leaving her a large sum of money.,十三、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别,现在分词作宾补时，分词所表示的动作与宾语

12、之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系（表示主动）；过去分词作宾补时，分词所表示的动作与宾语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系（表示被动）。 eg) They had the lights burning all night long. They had the wires repaired after the fire.,十四、不定式和现在分词作宾补的区别,see, watch, hear, listen等感官动词后跟不定式作宾补时，表示动作的全过程；跟现在分词作宾补时，表示动作正在进行。 eg) I heard him playing the piano when I returned home. Last ni

13、ght I went to the concert to hear the pianist play some wonderful pieces.,非谓语动词的用法比较归类,第一类（不定式和动名词） 不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别（考） 不定式和动名词作表语的区别 第二类（现在分词和过去分词） 现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别（考） 现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别（考） 现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别（考） 现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别（考） 第三类（其它） 动名词和现在分词作表语的区别 不定式一般被动式、现在分词一般被动式和过去分词作定语的区别（考） 及物动词的过去分

14、词和不及物动词的过去分词作定语的区别 现在分词和动名词作定语的区别 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别（考） 不定式和现在分词作宾补的区别（考）,四、其它用法,. 分词独立结构 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，应在其前面加上它的逻辑主语。这时，“逻辑主语+分词”就构成了分词独立结构。分词独立结构只能作状语，可表示原因、条件、伴随状况等。 eg) All the task finished ahead of time, the manager decided to go on holiday for a week.,四、其它用法,. “连词+分词”结构 “连词+分词”结

15、构实际上是状语从句的一种省略形式。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词含有be动词时，可以省略成“连词+分词”结构。 eg)When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江) When asked why he was late again, he made no answer.,四、其它用法,. 主动形式表示被动含义 1. need, want, require后面所跟的

16、动名词通常用主动形式表示被动含义。 eg)The watch doesnt work. It needs repairing. 2. be worth后面所跟的动名词通常用主动形式表示被动含义。 eg)This book is well worth reading. 3. 在“主语+be动词+形容词+不定式”结构中的不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。 eg)This question is difficult to answer.,四、其它用法,4. 作定语的不定式虽然与所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系，但是与句中另一个名词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，则该不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 eg)I cant

17、 leave now. I still have two more letters to write.,四、其它用法,. 动名词复合结构 动名词复合结构就是指带逻辑主语的动名词。动名词的逻辑主语通常由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当；动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语也可以是代词宾格或名词普通格。 eg)The students being late again made his teacher very angry. I really cant understand your/you treating her like that.,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 1. I lik

18、e getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _.（2008全国卷I ） A. to be breathedB. to breathe C. breathingD. being breathed 2. The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.（2008全国卷） A. picked upB. picks up C. pick upD. picking up,B,C,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 3. _ that

19、 she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed.（2008北京卷） A. SeeingB. To see C. SeeD. Seen 4. -Did the book give the information you needed? -Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. （2008北京卷） A. to findB. find C. to be findingD. finding,A,A,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘

20、录） 5. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. (2008北京卷) A. introducesB. to introduce C. introducingD. introduced 6. _ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.（2008天津卷） A. To throwB. Thrown C. Throw

21、ingD. Being thrown,C,C,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 7. _ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.（2008安徽卷） A. To walkB. Walking C. WalkedD. Having walked 8. I hear theyve promoted Tom, but he didnt mention _ when we talked on the phone.（2008江西卷） A. to promoteB. having bee

22、n promoted C. having promotedD. to be promoted,B,B,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 9. We finished the run in less than half the time _. （2008江西卷） A. allowingB. to allow C. allowedD. allows 10. The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road.（2008湖南卷） A. being blown downB. blown down C. blowing downD

23、. to blow down,C,B,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 11. _ the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.（2008湖南卷） A. CompletingB. Complete C. CompletedD. To complete 12. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _ alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.（2008湖南卷） A.

24、 livingB. to live C. to be livingD. having lived,D,A,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 13. _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. （2008陕西卷） A. Having shownB. To be shown C. Having been shownD. To show 14. We had an anxious couple of weeks _ for the resu

25、lts of the experiment.（2008四川卷） A. waitB. to be waiting C. waitedD. waiting,C,D,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 15. _ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.（2008重庆卷） A. FailB. Failed C. To failD. Having failed 16. _ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.（2008浙江卷） A

26、. Not realizedB. Not to realize C. Not realizingD. Not to have realized,D,C,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 17. It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year.（2008浙江卷） A. findingB. being found C. to findD. found 18. _ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he ha

27、d left the cheque in the car. （2008福建卷） A. WaitingB. To wait C. Having waitedD. To have waited,D,C,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 19. -Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me? -No problem.（2008福建卷） A. seatB. sit C. seatedD. sat 20. He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a c

28、igarette.（2008辽宁卷） A. to stopB. stopping C. to have stoppedD. having stopped,C,B,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 21. Please remain _; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.（2008辽宁卷） A. seatingB. seated C. to seatD. to be seated 22. -They are quiet, arent they? -Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals

29、.（2008江苏卷） A. to talkB. to not talk C. to talkingD. to not talking,B,D,非谓语动词练习一（2008年全国各地高考试题摘录） 23. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. （2008江苏卷） A. speakB. speaking C. spokenD. to speak 24. Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made _ in t

30、he restaurant.（2008山东卷） A. workingB. work C. to workD. worked,C,A,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 1. The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.（2009全国卷） A. looked atB. to look at C. to looking atD. look at 2. Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the de

31、cisions _?（2009全国卷） A. takingB. take C. takenD. to take,B,C,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 3. They use computers to keep the traffic _ smoothly.（2009全国卷） A. being runB. run C. to runD. running 4. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.（2009北京卷） A. grownB. being grown C. to

32、be grownD. to grow,D,A,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 5. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way.（2009北京卷） A. presentingB. presented C. being presentedD. to present 6. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.（2009北京卷）

33、 A. Being bittenB. Bitten C. Having bittenD. To be bitten,D,B,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 7. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, _ in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future.（2009湖南卷） A. living; wonderingB. lived; wondering C. lived; wonderedD. living; wondered 8. Nowadays peo

34、ple sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it _.（2009湖南卷） A. reusingB. reused C. reusesD. to be reused,A,D,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 9. I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.（2009陕西卷） A. to takeB. to be taken C. takingD. being taken 10. Michaels new house is like

35、a huge palace, _ with his old one.（2009重庆卷） A. comparingB. compares C. to compareD. compared,D,D,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 11. With the world changing fast, we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day. （2009重庆卷） A. dealB. dealt C. to dealD. dealing 12. We are invited to a party _ in our

36、club next Friday.（2009山东卷） A. to be heldB. held C. being heldD. holding,C,A,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 13. _ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.（2009福建卷） A. RemindingB. Reminded C. To remindD. Having reminded 14. In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the

37、warships in Qingdao, _ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.（2009福建卷） A. markingB. marked C. having markedD. being marked,B,A,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 15. The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.（2009安徽卷） A. producedB. being produced C. to be producedD. having

38、 been produced 16. _ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. (2009天津卷) A. CompletingB. Having completed C. To have completedD. To complete,C,D,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 17. _ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.（2009天津卷） A. Being encourag

39、edB. Encouraging C. EncouragedD. Having encouraged 18. When we visited my old family home, memory came _ back.（2009辽宁卷） A. floodingB. to flood C. floodD. flooded,C,A,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 19. _, you need to give all you have and try your best.（2009辽宁卷） A. Being a winnerB. To be a winner C. Be a

40、winnerD. Having been a winner 20. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures.（2009江苏卷） A. helpB. to have helped C. to helpD. having helped,B,C,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考

41、试题摘录） 21. _ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.（2009浙江卷） A. To be tiredB. Tired C. TiringD. Being tired 22. There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.（2009浙江卷） A. indicateB. indicating C. to indicateD. t

42、o be indicating,B,B,非谓语动词练习二（2009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 23. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.（2009四川卷） A. seatedB. seating C. to seatD. seat 24. _ many times, he finally understood it. (2009四川卷) A. ToldB. Telling C. Having toldD. Having been told,A,D,非谓语动词练习二（2

43、009年全国各地高考试题摘录） 25. _ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. （2009江西卷） A. GivingB. Having given C. To giveD. Given 26. The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.（200

44、9江西卷） A. forcedB. forcing C. to be forcedD. having forced,D,B,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 1. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.（2010全国卷） A. to borrowB. to be borrowed C. borrowedD. borrowing 2. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _

45、presents for my dad.（2010全国卷） A. buyB. to buy C. buyingD. to have bought,C,B,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 3. The news shocked the public, _ to great concern about students safety at school.（2010重庆卷） A. having ledB. led C. leadingD. to lead 4. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ fir

46、st is the library.（2010重庆卷） A. repairedB. being repaired C. repairingD. to be repaired,C,D,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 5. The lady walked around the shops, _ an eye out for bargains.（2010江西卷） A. keepB. kept C. keepingD. to keep 6. There were many talented actors out there just waiting _.（2010江西卷） A. t

47、o discoverB. to be discovered C. discoveredD. being discovered,C,B,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 7. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.（2010辽宁卷） A. findingB. to find C. findD. to be found 8. Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles.（2010辽宁卷） A. to recognizeB.

48、 recognizing C. recognizeD. recognized,B,D,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 9. He had a wonderful childhood, _ with his mother to all corners of the world.（2010安徽卷） A. travelB. to travel C. traveledD. traveling 10. Listen! Do you hear someone _ for help?（2010湖南卷） A. callingB. call C. to callD. called,D,A,非

49、谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 11. Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.（2010湖南卷） A. strugglingB. struggled C. having struggledD. to struggle 12. So far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library.（2010湖南卷） A. discoveredB. to be discovered

50、 C. discoveringD. having discovered,C,A,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 13. It rained heavily in the south, _ serious flooding in several provinces.（2010天津卷） A. causedB. having caused C. causingD. to cause 14. _ at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.（2010北京卷） A. LookingB. Look C

51、. To lookD. Looked,C,A,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 15. Im calling to enquire about the position _ in yesterdays China Daily.（2010北京卷） A. advertisedB. to be advertised C. advertisingD. having advertised 16. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.（2010山东卷） A. completingB. to complete C. completedD. being completed,A,B,非谓语动词练习三（2010年全国各地高考试题摘录） 17. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked.（2010山东卷） A. laidB. laying C. to layD. being laid 18. Lots of rescue wor