英语写作Ⅱ-argumentative essays

1、Argumentative Essays,Unit Five,Objectives,After Studying the unit, the students should be able to:,write an argumentative essay; Master logical and clear reasoning which is the most important quality for any successful argument.,Argumentative Essay, Definition An argumentative or persuasive essay st

2、ates a strong personal opinion for the purpose of influencing its readers.,Change readers mind; Influence their decision; Win their support,Title of Argumentation,2011年专四作文真题：Should private car owners be taxed for pollution?（私家车是否应该交污染税?） 2010年专四作文真题: Should College Students Hire Cleaners?(大学生是否应该雇佣

3、清洁工?) 2009年专四作文真题：Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?（旅游是否会危害环境？）,2007年专四作文真题 ：Is It Wise to Make Friends Online? 2004年专四作文真题：Will Phones Kill Letter Writing? 2006年专四作文真题：Saving Money is a Good Habit 2001年专四作文真题：Travel Broadens the Mind,Argumentative Essay, The Difference between Argumentati

4、on and Exposition 1. purpose exposition-to inform; make sth known to readers argumentation-to convince; try to make the readers agree with its point of view and support it,Argumentative Essay,2.The author of argumentative essay assumes the position of a debater. They usually have an opponent, someti

5、mes open and sometimes implied. And they usually emphasize their opinion using such expression as “believe”, “should” etc., How to Write an Argumentative Essay syllogism,Argumentation-introduction,1. Introduction lead in the topic by background information; then state thesis statement,Thesis stateme

6、nt 1). Writers make a clear stand in it. 2). Argumentative thesis statement is not a fact but a debatable statement. 3). Characteristics of debatable thesis a: It should take a stand. b: It should be a statement with which others may or may not agree. c: It should attempt to convince readers,Argumen

7、tation: thesis,Examine samples on p86 Do exercises on p86,Argumentationbody,2. Body to provide support for thesis statement because others may or may not agree with it. convince readers by reasons or examples prove why your idea is acceptable,Argumentationbody,1). Many methods to support thesis comp

8、arisoncontrast; cause and effect; classification; definition; examples; facts;,Argumentation-body,2). (sub-) topic sentence; transitional words or phrases They are helpful in organizing the essay coherently.,Thesis statement: a “pollution tax” should be put on private cars in order to control the nu

9、mber of cars and reduce pollution in the city Topic sentence 1: To begin with, cars contribute to the environmental pollution Topic sentence 2: Secondly, it is a good way to raise peoples environmental awareness by putting a pollution tax on private cars.,Argumentation-body,3). Examine the sample on

10、 p87-88 4). Do the exercise on p88-89.,Argumentation-conclusion,3. Conclusion emphasize the main point and have a strong impact; dont present any new argument in conclusion; convince readers that the essay has covered all the most important arguments about the issue.,在具体写作中要注意下列几点：,1.议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥

11、带水，啰啰唆唆 2. 作者的观点必须鲜明，不能模棱两可 3.论证自己的观点是议论文的最关键的部分。论证手段与英语说明文中的一些写作手法相同，常用的有罗列法、举例法、因果法、比较法等等。,Requirements, To write a good argumentation, students should meet the following requirements: 1) A debatable pointsth which can be viewed from more than one angle and open to dispute.,Requirements, The follo

12、wing are not good. a: statements of facts b: statements of personal preference eg: Weak: Ba Jin is my favorite author. Improved: Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century.,Requirements,2) Sufficient evidence common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence or facts, not

13、opinions, unless the opinions are authoritative; quotations from authorities,Requirements,3) Good and Clear logic from the least to the most important from the most familiar to the least familiar from the easiest to accept to the most difficult,Requirements,4) Good use of other three types of writin

14、g-description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition.,Requirements,5) An honest and friendly attitude To argue is not a quarrel. An honest and friendly attitude will help win the trust of your readers.,Useful structures,1. To make the opposite position appear debatable and untr

15、ue; 2. To give a further opposing position and make it appear debatable and possibly untrue; 3. Select a supporting argument from an authoritative published source; 4. Develop the arguments that support the main idea.,2011年专四作文真题：Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? Direction： Write a c

16、omposition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? You are to write in three parts: In the first part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written t

17、o a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.,写作指南： 这是典型的立场观点选择题型。要求考生确立自己的观点，然后进行论证。 历年类似考题： 2010 Should College Students Hire Cleaners? 2009 Will Tourism Bring Har

18、m to the Environment? 2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online? 2004 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing? 1994 TV: a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?,FOR: (should be) Private cars pollute the environment and harm our health. Number of private cars will reduce. Traffic jams may be alleviated. Government can use

19、the tax to deal with the pollution problem. The policy will increase the usage of new-energy vehicles indirectly.,Against: (shouldnt be) Private car is not the only factor of pollution. The present public transportation system is not perfect. Tax will make pollution reasonable.,本文要求学生就“私家车是否应该交污染税”这

20、一话题发表自己的意见。 第一部分：分析现状：私家车越来越多，环境污染日益严重，“污染税”提出的背景，进而提出自己的观点：私家车应该交污染税。 第二部分：从两方面进行阐述。首先由于私家车造成环境问题，所以私家车有义务交税，为国家环境建设所用。其次纳税能提高人们的环保意识。 第三部分：进行总结，再次表明自己的观点。,Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? With the development of society, many people can afford a car. As the number of the cars is r

21、ising, we are facing some problems. One big problem is the pollution caused by the use of cars. In order to solve this problem, government agencies in some big cities recently suggest that a “pollution tax” should be put on private cars in order to control the number of cars and reduce pollution in

22、the city. For my part, I agree on this viewpoint, and my reasons are as follows:,To begin with, cars contribute to the environmental pollution. For example, a lot of big cities in China are now plagued by serious air pollution. Then it is the responsibility of these private car owners to pay for the

23、 pollution and they should be taxed. The purpose of collecting environmental pollution tax is to raise the fund, and then utilize the tax revenue lever（税收杠杆） to protect our environment.,Secondly, it is a good way to raise peoples environmental awareness by putting a pollution tax on private cars. If

24、 people suffer from the financial loss when making a decision, they will think more about their decision. Then they will consider more when deciding to buy a private car. Consequently, the increase rate of the number of the private cars can be controlled.,In a word, it is a very good and necessary a

25、ttempt to use the means of taxation to treat the pollution. Of course, it must be kept in mind that all people, including the private car owners, should try their best to protect the environment.,2010年专四作文真题: Should College Students Hire Cleaners? Direction： It is recently reported in a newspaper th

26、at six students who shared a dorm at a local university hired a cleaner to do laundry and cleaning once a week. And each of them paid her 60 yuan a month. This has led to a heated debate as to whether college students should hire cleaners. Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topi

27、c: Should College Students Hire Cleaners? You are to write in three parts: In the first part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for

28、 content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.,写作指南： 这是典型的立场观点选择题型。要求考生确立自己的观点，然后进行论证。,第一部分：短文从一则新闻报道入手，要求考生就这一话题发表意见，由于是考生熟悉的校园话题，且考生看到题目直觉的反应就是不应该雇佣清洁工，因此首段直接表明观点，对该做法持否定态度。 第二部分：主体部分从两方面进行分析，第一，根据古人“一屋不扫，何以扫天下”的道理展开，说明作为大学生应该

29、逐渐培养独立意识，不应该连最基本的小事都依赖他人；第二，从金钱角度阐述该现象的恶劣影响，大学生基本靠父母供养，雇佣清洁工打扫寝室很容易导致校园中产生攀比、炫富等不良现象。 第三部分：结论部分呼吁结束这种做法，并且呼应主体部分的两点原因，号召大学生尽快建立独立意识和良好的金钱观，让父母对我们的自理能力放心。,Should College Students Hire Cleaners? According to a recent report, six university students hired cleaners to clean their dorm and do their laund

30、ry every week. Although we have no right to tell them what to do with their money, as a university student myself, I find this practice absurd.,For a start, away from our parents, it is in university that we learn to be independent adults. Cleaning the room and doing ones laundry are the most basic

31、living skills. If we always depend on others to take care of us, how can we survive when there is no one to help us? How can we take on any responsibility when we step into society?,For another, the practice reflects their flippant attitude towards money. The money they paid for the cleaners probabl

32、y comes from their parents, who must be very depressed once they know the truth. It also sets a very bad precedent on campus. Other students may follow suit to show the wealth of their families; or worse, they tend to think money can buy them anything in this world, which obviously is wrong.,All in

33、all, I think we must do away with this practice. Otherwise, we may never appreciate the good value of money and an independent way of life. The better and sooner we can take care of ourselves, the more proud our parents will be.,Writing Task,1. Recently a Beijing information company did a survey of

34、student life among more than 700 students in Beijing, Guangzhou, Xian, Chengdu, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shenyang. The results have shown that 67 percent of students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using tomorrows money is better. What do you think?,Writing Ta

35、sk,2. Nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?,Writing Task,3. Study at Home or Abroad? 4. Show your opinion on pets. 5. My View on Plastic Surgery,How to deal with your money?,Today there is no

36、consensus among people on the issue of the choice between saving money and using tomorrows money. The attitudes toward this problem vary from person to person. And in my humble opinion, it is essential for us to save more money today instead of using tomorrows money. There are many reasons that may

37、account for my point, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.,To start with, we Chinese people boast a good tradition of being economical. The traditional Chinese culture regards waste as a poor moral standard. As university students, we need to keep on carrying forward our nations fine

38、moral standard, for example, saving. And saving money is one of its aspects.,Secondly, saving money is conductive not only to cultivate a good moral, but also to release the heavy burden resulting from some accidents in the future. In other words, saving todays money could meet out urgent need of it

39、 in the future.,Last but not least, the fierce competition well face after we graduate is full of uncertainties. Once we couldnt find a job which offers high salaries, it will be impossible for us to return the money to the creditors.,To put it into a nutshell, Im a great believer that saving money

40、is a good habit because it really exerts positive impacts on both the present and the future.,Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?,It is obvious that phones are more frequently used than before. People, especially young ones, tend to use phones instead of writing to each other, so some predict that phon

41、es will kill letter writing. However, in my opinion, this will never happen.,Letter will survive the competition with phones, because of its cheapness and the memory it holds.,In the first place, letter provides great convenience to poor people by its cheapness. When we phone others, we may take the

42、 fee into consideration. And this consideration would probably disturb our free talk with others. But when we write a letter, things are different. The fee is not our consideration when we are writing. We freely express ourselves with the pen. Nothing will disturb us.,In the second place, letter wil

43、l hold our cherished memory forever. When the talking through phones is over, nothing will be left. But letter can be kept by us and it can hold our memory. We can read it in any place and at any time. When we are old, it represents our history.,As can be seen from above, letter is in possession of

44、two unique advantages. Therefore, letter writing will not be totally replaced by phones.,Study at Home or Abroad?,With the deepening of reform and gradually opening up of our country, many people dream of going abroad for further study. They insist that the modern research facilities, world famous p

45、rofessors and excellent environment in those foreign colleges and universities can help lay a perfect foundation for their future development.,However, there are still many people who favor studying at home. They argue that studying abroad is too expensive and therefore cannot afford. In addition, t

46、hey also point out that there are no language and cultural barriers if they study in our country. It is easier to develop oneself in a familiar environment than a strange one.,Just as the old saying goes, “Every advantage has its disadvantage.” Both opinions are acceptable in some sense. If students

47、 have the chance and financial resources, they should seize the opportunity to go abroad and broaden their eyes. On the other hand, if conditions dont permit, they can pursue their studies in top universities at home. What counts is not the place where they study, but what they can learn.,Pets are H

48、elpful,Puppies and kitties are very lovable animals and many people like to have them as pets. Some people think they are dirty, offensive and dangerous. That may be true, but in my opinion, it is good for a family to raise a pet.,Firstly, pets can be quite useful. For example, a dog can help you to

49、 guard the house. When strangers approach, it will bark to warn you. It can also help you fetch small things, such as a pair of slippers or a bunch of newspapers. If trained a lot, it can even do some difficult tasks.,You must heard a lot of stories that pets can give people emotional comfort. Suppo

50、se that you come across some troubles in your work, you feel a bit annoyed and when you enter your house, your lovely puppy run immediately to lick your feet waving its tail happily as ever, dont you feel much more relaxed at that moment?,Lastly, pets are usually devoted to their owner. Their love is unconditional. Unlike human beings, pets will never look