世界几大著名图书馆英文介绍.ppt

1、A,1,libraries,World Top Ten LibrarySpains “fun” magazine in July 2001 Report No.: ranking the worlds largest libraryLibrary of Congress (Washington DC)26 million volumesRussian Library (Moscow)17.6 millionChinese Library (Beijing)15.9 millionRussian Library (St. Petersburg)13.62 millionBritish Libra

2、ry (London)13 millionHarvard Library (Massachusetts)11 millionNational Library of France (Paris)11 millionLibrary of Leipzig(德国莱比锡) 9 millionThe Japanese Diet Library (Tokyo)7.27 millionLibrary in Frankfort (法兰克福)7 million,The Library of Congress (美国国立图书馆),Located in three buildings in Washington DC

3、. ,it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United St

4、ates.,The Library of Congress was built by Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States capital for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in

5、,A,5,1815.After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library

6、,. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent（卓越的、杰出的） public role, becoming a library of last resort and expanding its mission for the benefit scholars and the American people.,The Librarys primary mission is researching inquiries made by members of

7、Congress through the Congressional Research Service. Although it is open to the public, only Members of Congress, Supreme Court justices and other high-ranking government officials may check out books.,A,8,As the national library, the Library of Congress promotes literacy（精通文学） and American literatu

8、re through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book and Poet Laureate.,Using the Library The library is open to the general public for academic research and tourists. Only those who are issued a Reader Identification Card may enter the reading rooms and acc

9、ess the collection. The Reader Identification Card is available in the Madison building to persons who are at least 16 years of age upon presentation of a government issued picture,Holdings,The collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million cataloged books and other print materi

10、als in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts; the largest rare book collection innorth America, including the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, aGutenberg Bible(one of only four perfectvellumcopies known to exist); over 1 millionus governmentpublications; 1 million issues of

11、worldnewspapersspanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000microfilmreels;.,A,11,over 6,000comic book titles;films; 5.3 millionmaps; 6 million works ofsheet music; 3 million sound recordings; more than 14.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popul

12、ar art pieces and architectural drawings;The Library developed a system of book classification calledLibrary of Congress Classification(LCC), which is used by most US research anduniversity libraries,The Library serves as a legal repository forcopyrightprotection andcopyright registration, and as th

13、e base for theUnited States Copyright Office. Regardless of whether they register their copyright, all publishers are required to submit （提交）two complete copies of their published works to the Library if requestedthis requirement is known asmandatory （强制的义务的）deposit（寄存物）. Parties wishing not to publ

14、ish, need only submit one copy of their work.,Nearly 22,000 new items published in the U.S. arrive every business day at the Library. Contrary to popular belief, however, the Library does not retain all of these works in its permanent （持久的）collection, although it does add an average of 10,000 items

15、per day. Rejected items are used in trades with other libraries around the world, distributed to federal agencies, or donated to schools, communities,and other organizations within the United States. As is true of manysimilar libraries, the Library of Congress retains copies of every publication in

16、the English language that is deemed significant. The Library of Congress states that its collection fills about 838 miles (1,349km) of,bookshelves, while theBritish Library reports about 625 kilometers (388mi) of shelves.The Library of Congress holds about 147 million items with 33 million books aga

17、inst approximately 150 million items with 25 million books for the British Library,A,16,The Library makes millions of digital objects, comprising tens of petabytes（10的15次方字节）, available at itsAmerican Memorysite. American Memory is a source forpublic domainimage resources, as well as audio, video, a

18、nd archived Web content. Nearly all of the lists of holdings, thecatalogsof the library, can be consulted directly on its web site.,Librarians all over the world consult these catalogs, through the Web or through other media better suited to their needs, when they need to catalog for their collectio

19、n a book published in the United States. They use theLibrary of Congress Control Numberto make sure of the exact identity of the book.,The Library of Congress also provides an online archive （档案室）of the proceedings of theU.S. CongressatTHOMAS, including bill text,Congressional Recordtext, bill summa

20、ry and status, the Congressional Record Index, and theUnited States Constitution. The Library also administers theNational Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, a talking andbraillelibrary program provided to more than 766,000 Americans.,Buildings,A,21,The Russian State Library俄国

21、国立图书馆,Foundation and function of the library The Russian State Library was founded on 1 July 1862 as Moscows first free public library named The Library of the MoscowPublic Museum and Rumiantsev Museum（鲁缅采夫博物馆） , or The Rumiantsev Library. Its original stock consisted mostly of Count Nicolai P. Rumi

22、antsevs rich book and manuscript collection bestowed to the Russian State by his heirs. Its holdings grew intensively and increased 40 times as much as initially by 1917 thanks to generous private donations, 135 times by 1921 , and 1445 times by now (purchase, exchange, gifts) in addition to the leg

23、al deposit granted to the Library on the day of its foundation. . .,According to The Federal Law “On Librarianship”(图书馆管理业务) passed on 23 November 1994 the RSL is a national library of Russia. It is the countrys largest and the worlds second largest depository（储藏室） of national and foreign materials

24、- values of domestic and global culture. It is a major educational and information centre for culture, Russias leading research institution in the field of library and book science, bibliography and publishing history issuing 150-200 professional publications a year. Cooperating with the national bi

25、bliographic agency - The Russian Book Chamber - RSL is responsible for the retrospective part of the Russian National Bibliogpaphy(书目,文献学),The Librarys first priority is to collect, to retain, and to make available to users, nationally and internationally, a copy of everything published in Russia. T

26、he RSL offers a variety of reference, information and lending services. All the items housed by the Library are available for research and reference purposes in its 19 reading rooms giving work place to 2 ths readers simultaneously, serving about 4.5 ths visitors and delivering more than 30 ths item

27、s a day. Users have free access to RSL card catalogues, consultations, interlibrary loan, exhibitions. One has to pay for photo- and microcopying, using CD-ROM databases, ordering thematic bibliographic reference lists,With its over 3 ths partners in Russia and abroad the Library remains one of the

28、worlds leading centres for international book exchange and interlibrary loan. Only severe financial crisis of 1996 temporarily paralysed （使瘫痪、使失去功能）these crucial （关键的）activities being now revitalized（使恢复元气）. The Library actively collaborates with its peers in Russia (first of all with the second nat

29、ional library of Russia in Saint Petersburg) and abroad, as well as with quite a number of adjacent （邻近的毗邻的）institutions and professional organizations, especially to mention IFLA, Russian Library Association, Library Assembley of EuroAsia,According to its new modernization strategy officially adopt

30、ed in 1996 the Librarys general mission（使命、任务） is to contribute to the development of science and culture, to the dissemination(传播、宣传) of information, to strengthening mutual understanding between peoples and cultures, to solution of main social, economic and cultural problems to secure prosperity o

31、f Russia. Such a formulation endorsed by the State has marked a transition from the deeply rooted ideological（意识形态上的） function to the information and enlightening （有启迪的）one which must mean a fundamental change of mentality and technology. This way is,leaded by The Modernization Program of the Russia

32、n State Library developed and being implemented (贯彻、执行)with the assistance of a special international commission of experts represented by UNESCO, Commission of the European Union, The Library of Congress (US), The British Library, La Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preu

33、ssischer Kulturbesitz(Germany).,Collections,The stocks of the Library are unique and extremely varied; they comprise 41.7 million items, including 17.6 mln books and serial volumes, 13 mln journals, more than 650 ths newspapers (volumes), 540 ths single manuscripts and volumes, 645 ths other non-pub

34、lished materials, 150 maps, 350 music scores and sound records, about 1.5 mln printed graphics, 1.3 mln single sheet texts, 2.2. mln items of technical documentation, 28 ths audio-visual materials, 3.6 mln items in microfilm, microfiche and machine readable format. The foreign part of the entire col

35、lection counts more than 12 mln items (29 per cent).,The RSL collects foreign serials of research interest, European and oriental language books of research, historical and cultural importance wherever and whenever published. In its manuscript collections it focuses on its traditional strengths and

36、coordinates with other state archives. It maintains extensive coverage（广泛的覆盖） of the worlds major national newspapers, government publications and official information, scientific conference literature, UN and its specialized agencies publications,The Library collection is arranged as a system of se

37、parate stocks serving special categories of users. In such a way it singles out: main stacks, rare books, manuscripts, reference materials, current periodicals, old newspapers, domestic theses, sheet music, sound records, cartographic items, printed graphic, ephemera, military science literature, or

38、iental books, library science literature, Russian emigration literature, classified items, microfilms.,A,32,The National Library of China 中国国家图书馆,The National Library of China, founded in 1909, is a cultural institution under the Ministry of Culture. Its construction area is 170.000square meters.,Th

39、e National Library of China collects, processes, stores and spreads knowledge and information. Concretely, its tasks are: accept Major duties and tasks: as a national library and Chinas general stack publications （堆刊物）delivered by Chinese press houses, and collect, collate（校对） and store domestic（国内的

40、家务的） and foreign books, magazines, information data and historical documents, making the library into a final base of books and information in China by means of new technologies such as epitome (节录)and computer;,edit and publish national booklists（书目） (including review ones), lists of the United Nat

41、ions, list of the library storage, cards, micro leaflets （微传单）and disc tapes （圆盘胶带）of unified national booklists, and do the work of the China branch of the ISDS（政府新闻处）making the library into a national booklist center; provide document research and specialized consultants（顾问） for Party and governme

42、nt organizations and readers by means of its storage and information searching technology; exchange scientific research experiences and spread scientific and cultural knowledge by means of book exhibitions and academic lectures;,do document research, release and report its storage and improve the ac

43、ademic level of its work in all aspect; do theoretic and technological research of the library science and publish books on library and in formation sciences, making itself into a national data center of library science; research and apply modern technologies and play the role of center and hub in t

44、he construction of Chinas modernization and standardization of libraries and library networks; coordinate work of libraries and serve the development of libraries in the country; carry out provisions（规定） in Sino-foreign （中外）cultural agreements, bear the duty of international book exchanges and borro

45、wing and lending among libraries, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with the international library community and participate in the library information activities of related international organizations;,Establishment of institutions: Under the library, there is department of Chinese books, depart

46、ment of foreign books, department of book purchase, electronics information section, reading section, circulations department of ancient codes and books, rare-book collection department, newspaper, magazine and data department, China National Center of ISDS, technological service department, referen

47、ce and tutor department(参考和导师部门), automatic development department, document copying department, national epitome(概括，节录) and copy center of library documents, scientific research department, international exchange department, and management and administrative department. In addition, there is also a

48、 branch library, an education center and a press house.,Major achievements: The following books: Book Categorizing Method of Chinese Libraries, Major Chinese Words and Property Dictionary of Chinese Characters, and the technology of killing worms by means of freezing have won state- and provincial-l

49、evel prizes.,British library,British Library, national library of Great Britain, located in London; one of the worlds great libraries. Long a part of the British Museum, the library collection originated in 1753 when the government purchased the Harleian Library, which belonged to Sir Robert Bruce C

50、otton, and groups of manuscripts.,The collection grew four years later when George II donated his royal library, and was considerably enlarged with the addition of George IIIs library in 1823. It flourished in the 19th cent. under the leadership of Sir Anthony Panizzi. The library remained a part of

51、 the museum until 1973 when it was made a separate entity by act of Parliament. The museum complex was famous for its large, copper-domed (铜制的)Round Reading Room, for 140 years (1857-1997) the haunt of an array of scholars, authors, and other luminaries. （大量的出没学者，作者和其他名人）,In 1997 the library was mov

52、ed to vast new quarters at Londons Kings Cross. Designed by British architect Colin St. John Wilson, the new library is spacious and multileveled（广阔且多层次）, with four large reading rooms and several exhibition areas.,By the beginning of the 21st cent. it housed some 150 million items, including books,

53、 magazines, newspapers, manuscripts（原稿）, maps, prints, drawings, musical scores, patents, various kinds of sound recordings, and stamps.,The library also maintains an online catalog. Outstanding works in its collection include a unique （纸草上的古文献） of Aristotle, four original Magna Cartas（基本宪法、大宪章）,Beo

54、wulf,the 4th-century Greek Codex Sinaiticus Bible, a Gutenberg Bible, Froissarts Chronicles,the Lindisfarne Gospels, Leonardo da Vincis notebooks, and the Diamond Sutra (868), probably the oldest surviving printed book.,Bibliothque nationale de france 法国国家图书馆,TheBibliothque nationale de France(BnF,I

55、PA:bi. bli. j. Tk na .sj.nal d fs) is theNational LibraryofFrance, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository （贮藏室）of all that is published in France. The current president of the library isBruno Racine.,The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the

56、Ministry of Culture. Its mission（使命） is to constitute collections, especially the copies of works published in France that must, by law, be deposited（存放、寄存） there, conserve （保存、保藏）them, and make them available to the public. It produces a reference catalogue, cooperates with other national and inter

57、national establishments, and participates in research programs.,The National Library of France traces its origin to the royal library founded at theLouvrebyCharles Vin 1368. It expanded underLouis XIVand opened to the public in 1692. The librarys collections swelled(增强、壮大) to over 300,000 volumes du

58、ring theradical phaseof theFrench Revolutionwhen the private libraries of aristocrats（贵族派头的人） and clergy （牧师、教士）were seized. After the establishment of the French First Republicin September 1792. Following a series of regime（政权，政治制度） changes in France, it became theImperial National Libraryand in 1868 was