昆明理工大学自动化专业英语翻译

1、机电或自动化专业英语,自动化专业英语,基本目标：基本能够比较顺利、准确地阅读机电专业方面的英文书刊、文献 、技术资料，在这方面具备一定 的翻译和沟通、表达、交流能力。,Specialized English for Electromechanization (Electro-Mechanism),How to speak “专业英语” in English？ And how about “机电专业英语”?,Content,Electronic Technology,Bipolar Junction Transistors UJT Thyristors and SCRs Operational

2、Amplifiers Flip-Flops Digital System Decoding Filter circuit,Content,Electronic Technology,Direct-current Regulation Phase Control Unijuncity Transistor Pulse Triggering,Control Theory,Introduction to Control System,Content,Control Theory,Performance Specifications of Control System Second-Order Sys

3、tems Digital Control System State Equation,Content,Computer Technology,The Application of Computer,Electric Drive,DC Motors,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Words and Terms,Transistor trnzist:电子晶体管 Bipolar baipul:有两极的, 双极的 Polarity pulriti:极性 Negative negtiv:负的, 阴性的 semiconductorsemikndkt:半导体 crystalkris

4、tl:结晶，晶体，晶粒,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Words and Terms,symbol simbl:符号, 记号, 象征 emitter imit:发射极 collectorklect:集电极 formula f:mjul:公式, 规则, 客套语 reverseriv:s:相反的, 倒转的, 颠倒的 biasedbaist :结果偏倚的, 数有偏的,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Today, industrial electronic systems employ,several devices that are des

5、cribed by the term transistor.,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Each type of transistor has different characteristics and operational conditions that are used to distinguish it from others.,每种晶体管都有区别于其它种类的特征和工作环境。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,In the first part of this discussion, we are concerne

6、d with the bipolar junction transistor. Structurally, this transistor is described as bipolar because it has two different current-carrier polarities.,首先探讨双极型晶体管。从结构上看，这种晶体管被称为双极是因为它具有两种不同的电流载流子电极。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Holes are positive current carriers, whereas electrons are negative c

7、urrent carriers.,空穴是正的载流子，电子是负的电流载流子。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Two distinct kinds of semiconductor crystals are connected together by a common element.,两种截然不同的半导体晶体通过公共元件连接在一起。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,The structure of this device is similar to that of two diodes connected back to ba

8、ck, with one crystal being common to both junctions. The center material is usually made thinner than the two outside pieces.,该器件的结构类似于背靠背连接的两个二极管的结构，一个晶体同时属于两个结。其中间的材料通常比两个外边的作得窄些。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,In the operation of a single PN diode junction, forward biasing causes conduction and

9、 reverse biasing causes nonconduction.,单个PN二结的工作情况是：正向偏置促使其导通，反向偏置导致其截止。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,In a transistor, this rule does not apply directly because two junctions are involved.,因为晶体管包含两个结，该规则不能直接应用,For example, when the emitter-base junction is forward biased, it causes a large amoun

10、t of IE to enter the base region.,例如，其发射-基极处于正向偏置时，它会促使大量的IE 进入基区。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Reverse biasing of the base-collector junction would ordinarily restrict this current.,而基-集电极的反向偏置会限制该电流。,But due to the thin base structure, IE will immediately enter into the collector current IC or

11、 output current.,但因基区窄，IE会很快进入集极电流IC或输出电流.,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Forward biasing of the emitter-base junction therefore alters or reduces the reverse biasing effect of the base-collector junction in normal transistor operation.,因而，在一般的晶体管工作中，发射-基结的正向偏置会改变或减少基-集结反向偏置的影响。,Bipolar Junction T

12、ransistor,Text,A transistor is primarily classified as a current-operating device. This means that the output or collector IC will occur only when the emitter-base is forward biased and producing base current.,晶体管被划分为基本电流型器件。这意味着仅仅当发射-基结处于正偏且有基极电流IB时才会有其输出或集电极电流IC,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,Wh

13、en the base current ceases, collector current stops and the transistor become nonconductive. This condition is called cut off.,当基极电流消失时，集电极电流停止，晶体管处于非导通状态。这种情况就称为截止。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,On the other hand, if an excessive amount of base current occurs, the transistor is driven into satur

14、ation. When this condition occurs, a further increase in IB will not cause a corresponding change in IC.,相反，如果基极电流过大，晶体管处于饱和状态。在这种情况下，再增加IB不会引起IC的相应变化。,Bipolar Junction Transistor,Text,When amplitude control is being achieved, a transistor is rarely operates in the saturation region. When a transist

15、or is used as a switch, it usually operates in the saturation region.,进行幅值控制时晶体管几乎不会处于饱和区。而当它作为开关使用时，经常工作在饱和区。,UJT Thyristors and SCRs,Words and Terms,unijunction ju:nid kn:单结 emitter imit:发射极 collectorklect:集电极 formula f :mjul:公式, 规则, 客套语 reverseriv:s:相反的, 倒转的, 颠倒的 biasedbaist :结果偏倚的, 数有偏的,UJT Thyr

16、istors and SCRs,Text,Thyristors should not be confused with bipolar junction transistors or field-effect transistors.,不应将晶闸管与双结型晶体管（bipolar junction transistors，BJTs）或场效应管（field-effect transistors，FETs）混淆起来.,UJT Thyristors and SCRs,Text,BJTs and FETs are both capable of performing switching operatio

17、ns. As a rule, these devices are not as efficient as thyristor and do not have the power-handling capability.,BJTs与FETs都能够完成开关操作。按照惯例，这些器件并没有晶闸管那么有效率且不具备功率（电力）处理能力。,UJT Thyristors and SCRs,Text,Thyristors are used as power control devices, whereas transistors are primarily used in amplifying applica

18、tions.,晶闸管通常用作电力控制器件，而晶体管主要用于信号放大。,UJT Thyristors and SCRs,Text,A variety of unidirectional thyristors is now being used in industrial electronic applications. One of the first to be developed was the silicon-controlled rectifier(SCR). The term thyristor was derived form the words thyratron-transist

19、or.,工业电子应用系统目前使用了很多种单向晶闸管。可控硅整流器（silicon-controlled rectifier, SCR）就是最初开发出的三极管之一。术语晶闸管“thyristor”源自于单词“thyratron-transistor”。,UJT Thyristors and SCRs,Text,An SCR is classified as a reverse blocking triode thyristor. This means that the device has conductibility in only one direction. When its anode

20、and cathode are reverse biased, the device will not conduct.,SCR被归类为反向阻断晶闸管。这意味着该器件仅在一个方向上导通。当其阳极、负极处于反偏时，它不导通。,UJT Thyristors and SCRs,Text,The silicon-controlled switch(SCS) and the programmable unijunction transistor(PUT) are two other thyristors of this classification.,可控硅开关(silicon-controlled s

21、witch, SCS)和可编程单结晶体管(programmable unijunction transistor, PUT)是该类的另外两种晶闸管。,Operational Amplifiers,Words and Terms,op-amp (operational amplifiers)up mp n.运算放大器 triangletraigl n.三角形 differential amplifier 差动放大器 impedanceimpi:dns n. 阻抗 push-pull a. 推挽（式)的 polarity pulriti n. 极性,Operational Amplifiers,W

22、ords and Terms,common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) n.共模抑制比率 substantial sbstnl a.大的，大量的，物资的 intermediate .intmi:djt a.中间的 single-ended a.单端的，单向的 emitter-follow amplifier n.射极跟随放大器 complementary-symmetry a.互补对称的,Operational Amplifiers,Words and Terms,couple kpl v.耦合，结合 reversal riv:sl v.反向，反转，换相 resis

23、tance rizistns n.电阻 constant-current source n.恒流源 dual-polaritydju(:) l pulriti n.双极（性） invert inv:t v.反向，反转,Operational Amplifiers,Text,The internal construction of an op-amp is quite complex and usually contains a large number of discrete components.,运算放大器的内部结构非常复杂，它通常包含大量的分离元件。,Operational Amplif

24、iers,Text,A person working with an op-amp does not ordinarily need to be concerned with its internal construction. It is helpful, however, to have some general understanding of what the internal circuitry accomplishes.,使用运算放大器工作的人一般并不需要关心其内部结构。然而，了解其内部电路所具备功能的一般常识是很有帮助地。,Operational Amplifiers,Text,

25、This permits the user to see how the device performs and indicates some of its limitations as a functioning unit.,这就让用户明白该器件是怎样工作的，当然也显示出其作为一个功能单元的一些局限。,Operational Amplifiers,Text,The first stage or input of an op-amp is usually a differential amplifier. This amplifier has two inputs, which are lab

26、eled V1 and V2.,运算放大器的输入或者其第一级通常是一个差分放大器。该放大器有两个分别标为V1、V2的输入端。,Operational Amplifiers,Text,It provides high gain of the signal difference supplied to the two inputs and low gain for common signals applied to both inputs simultaneously.,它对同时施加在两个输入端的差分、共模信号分别提供高、低增益。,Operational Amplifiers,Text,The i

27、nput impedance is high to any applied signal. The output of the amplifier is generally two signals of equal amplitude and 180o out of phase. This could be described as a push-pull input and output.,对于任意信号，输入阻抗均很大。它一般输出幅值相同而相位相差180o的两路信号。这可称为推拉式输入输出。,Flip-Flops,Words and Terms,flip-flop flip fl p n.

28、双稳态多谐振荡器，触发器 memory memri n.存储器 manipulate mnipjuleit v.操纵，处置 clock pulse 时钟脉冲 modification .m difikein n. 修改，改变，改进型,Flip-Flops,Words and Terms,toggle t gl n. 反复电路 mechanism meknizm n. 机械装置，机构 electromechanical i.lektrumiknikl 机电的 photoelectrical .futuilektrikl a.光电的,Flip-Flops,Words and Terms,acous

29、tical ku:stikl a.听觉的，声学的 toggle filp-flop n. 反转触发器 preset pri:set v.a.预调（的），预置（的） sequential sikwenl a.连续的，有序的，结果的,Flip-Flops,Words and Terms,versatile v:stail a.通用的，多用途的，易变的 counter n. 计数器 endless a.不断的，环状的 pulse generator 脉冲发生器 numerical n(j)u:merikl a.数字的，数值的,Flip-Flops,Words and Terms,ripple rip

30、l n. 脉动，波动 IC chip n. 集成电路芯片,Flip-Flops,Text,Flip-flops are commonly used to generate signals, shape waves, and achieve division.,触发器通常用于产生信号、整形波形、实现分频。,In addition to these operations, a flip-flop may also be used as a memory device.,除此之外，它也可用作存储器件。,Flip-Flops,Text,In this capacity, it can be made

31、to hold an output state even when the input is completely removed. It can also be made to change its output when an appropriate input signal occurs.,至于这方面，甚至当输入信号完全去除时它都能保持输出状态。当出现合适的输入信号时，也可用它来改变其输出状态。,Flip-Flops,Text,In many digital system applications, flip-flops must be set and cleared at specif

32、ic times with respect to other operation circuits.,许多数字应用系统在特定时刻参照其其它运算电路须要求对触发器进行置位、清零。,This type of operation can be achieved by manipulating flip-flops in step with a clock pulse.,这类操作可通过逐步控制触发器实现。,Flip-Flops,Text,In this case, the appropriate RS inputs and clock pulse must all be present in orde

33、r to cause a state change. A device of this type is called an RS triggered flip-flop or simply an RST flip-flop.,在这种情况下，须要有合适的RS输入信号和时钟脉冲以改变触发器的状态。这种器件就称为RS触发的触发器或者简称为RST触发器。,Flip-Flops,Text,One of the most versatile and important logic devices of digital system is the counter. This device, as a gen

34、eral rule, can be employed to count a wide varity of objects in a number of different digital system applications.,计数器是数字系统的最通用、重要的逻辑器件之一。作为惯例，它可对许多不同数字应用系统中的大量物体进行计数。,Flip-Flops,Text,While this device may be called upon to count an endless number of objects, it essentially counts only one thing, el

35、ectronic pulses.,尽管可以说该器件能对数不清的物体进行计数，本质上，它仅仅对一种物体进行了计数，即电脉冲。,Flip-Flops,Text,These pulses may be produced electronically by a clock mechanism, electromechanically, photoelectrically, acoustically, or by a number of other processes. The basic operation of the counter, however, is completely independ

36、ent of the pulse generator.,这些脉冲可由机电式、电子光学式、声音式或许多其它形式的脉冲机构产生。然而，计数器的基本工作完全独立于这些脉冲产生器。,Flip-Flops,Text,A common application of the digital counter is used to count numerical information in binary form.,数字计数器的一个普通应用就是对二进制形式的数字信息进行计数。,Flip-Flops,Text,This type of device simply employs a number of flip

37、-flops connected so that the Q output of the first device drives the trigger or clock input of the next device. Each flip-flop therefore has a divide-by-2 function.,这类器件仅仅使用了大量的触发器，这些触发器顺次连接起来以便于第一个触发器的输出驱动下一个触发器的触发引脚或者时钟输入。每个触发器因此具有2分频功能。,Digital System Decoding,Words and Terms,display device n. 显示

38、装置 decode di:kud v. 译码 fluid flu:id n. 流体，液 analog n.模拟量 abruptly brptli ad.突然的，陡峭的 decimal desiml 十进制,Digital System Decoding,Words and Terms,strip strip n. 条，带 punched card 穿孔卡片 magnetic tape mgnetik teip n.磁带 interface intfeis n.接口，界面，连接处 sensitivity .sensitivti n. 灵敏度,Digital System Decoding,Wor

39、ds and Terms,accuracykjursi n.准确度，精确度，精度 liquid-crystal likwid kristl n. 液晶 decoder di:kud n. 译码器 energize endaiz v.通电，激励，供以能量 grounding n. 接地,Digital System Decoding,Words and Terms,segment segmnt n. 段，部分，环节 manual mnjul a.手控的，手动的 distinct distikt a.性质（种类）不同的 discrete diskri:t a. 分离的，不连续的 necessita

40、te nsesiteit需要，以为条件 flat-package 平（扁）的外壳或部件,Filter Circuit,Words and Terms,filter circuit filt s:kit n. 滤波电路 smooth smu: n.平滑的，平稳的 index indeks n.指标，指数，索引 variation .vriein n.变量，变化，变种 ripple factorripl fkt 脉动系数,Filter Circuit,Words and Terms,rms value 均方根指，有效值 capacitor kpsit n. 电容器 interval intvl n

41、.时间间隔，周期 period pirid n. 时期，期间 discharge v.释放，排除，放电 milliampere .milimp n.毫安,Filter Circuit,Words and Terms,microfarad maikrufrd n.微法 kilohm kilum n.千欧 foregoing f :gui a. 上述的 choke coil tuk k il n. 阻尼线圈,Filter Circuit,Text,For many applications, a smooth dc output voltage with the ac ripple removed

42、 is required.,许多应用系统需要一个去除交流脉动的光滑直流电压。,Circuits used removed ac vatiations of rectified direct cuurent are filter circuits.,去除整流后直流电流中交流脉动的电路就称为滤波电路。,Filter Circuit,Text,The output of a rectifier has a dc value and ac ripple value as shown in Figure 1.30.,如图1.3所示，整流器的输出包括直流成分和交流脉动成分。,Filter Circuit,

43、Text,To gain a relative index of the amount of ac variation, the ripple factor of the output waveform of a rectifier can be determined by,为了获得整流器输出波形中交流变化量的相对大小，其脉动系数可表示为：,Filter Circuit,Text,Where r = ripple factor, Vr(rms) = rms value of the ac component, Vdc = average value of the rectified dc vo

44、ltage.,式中，r、Vr(rms)、Vdc分别表示纹波系数、交流部分的均方根值、整流后的直流电压平均值。,Filter Circuit,Text,A different value of filter capacitor would result in a change in the rate of discharge.,滤波器的电容大小不一样会导致其放电率的变化。,If C discharged a very small amount, the value of Vdc would be closer to the value of Vmax.,如果C放电量非常小，Vdc的值更接近Vma

45、x。,Filter Circuit,Text,With light loads (high resistance), the capacitor filter will supply a high dc voltage with little ripple.,负载轻（大电阻）的电容滤波器能提供很小波动的高直流电压。,Filter Circuit,Text,However, with a heavy (low resistance) load connected, the dc voltage level will drop due to a greater ripple.,然而，若负载重（小电

46、阻），较大脉动导致了直流电压的降低。,Filter Circuit,Text,The increased ripple is caused by the lower resist- ance discharge path for the filter capacitor.,增加的脉动是由和滤波电容形成放电通路的较小的电阻引起的。,The effect of a heavier load on the filter capacitor is shown in Figure 1.31(D).,电容滤波器带重负载的效果如图1.31(D)所示。,Direct-current Regulation,Wo

47、rds and Terms,regulation .regjulein n. 调节，调整 rated reitid a. 额定的 zener diode daiud 稳压二极管 breakdown voltage 击穿电压 voltage regulation 电压调节器,Direct-current Regulation,Words and Terms,opposite pzit a. 相对的，相应的，相反地 shunt nt n.分路、分流器 innovation .invein n.改革，革新 fixed fikst a.固定的，不变的 extra ekstr a.额外的，附加的,Dir

48、ect-current Regulation,Words and Terms,representative .reprizenttiv a. 典型的，代表的 short-circuit protection 短路保护 thermal :ml a.热的，由热造成的 indestructible .indistrktbl a.牢不可破的,Direct-current Regulation,Text,The concept of voltage regulation can be understood by refering to the formula,参照公式 ,可以最好地理解概念：电压调整。,

49、Direct-current Regulation,Text,where VR = voltage regulation in percent, VNL = no-load terminal voltage, and VFL = rated full-load terminal voltage,式中，VR、VNL、VFL分别表示百分比表示的电压调整、空载下的终止电压、额定负载下的终止电压,Direct-current Regulation,Text,Output voltage is compared with a reference voltage by a high-gain error

50、amplifier.,Operation of the three-terminal regulator is based on the applied input voltage and developed output voltage.,三端调整器的工作基于输入电压与输出电压。,高增益误差放大器将输入电压与参考电压进行比较。,Direct-current Regulation,Text,Any difference in voltage will be sensed by the error amplifier.,误差放大器感知两个电压的任何变化。,The output of the er

51、ror amplifier then controls conduction of the series-pass transistor.,其输出控制串联三极管的传导。,Direct-current Regulation,Text,This transistor responds as a variable resistor.,它和负载电流的变化相反，以维持其输出电压在一个恒定的值。,It changes inversely with the load current to maintain the output voltage at a constant value.,该三极管在这里作为可变

52、电阻使用。,Direct-current Regulation,Text,An increase in output voltage would cause a corres- ponding increase in the conduction of the series-pass transistor.,输出电压的增大会导致串联三极管传导的相应增加。,Direct-current Regulation,Text,This in turn would cause more voltage drop across the series resistor, which would lower t

53、he output voltage.,相应地，降落在串联电阻上的电压会增大，从而降低输出电压。,Direct-current Regulation,Text,A decrease in output voltage would cause less conduction of the pass transistor.,输出电压的减小会导致串联三极管传导的相应降低.,Direct-current Regulation,Text,Reduced current through the series resistor will cause less voltage drop. The output

54、voltage would therefore increase in value to compensate for the decrease in voltage.,减少的电流降低了串联电阻上的电压，因而提高了输出电压,Phase Control,Words and Terms,Sine wave sain weiv 正弦波 alter :lt v.改变，改动 lag lg v.滞后 phasor feiz n.移相器，相位器，相位计 angle gl n.角 single-leg sigl leg n.单相,Phase Control,Words and Terms,alternate

55、:lt:nit a.交替的，轮流的 regardless of 不管，不顾,Phase Control,Text,Shifting the phase of gate-cathode ac voltage with respect to the anode-cathode voltage can be used to control the conduction of an SCR.,参照阳极电压，移动门极交流电压的相位可以控制SCR的导通。,Phase Control,Text,In phase-control applications, the shape and amplitude of

56、 the gate voltage remain unchanged while its phase is shifted with respect to time.,在相位控制应用中，参照时间移动相位时门电压的形状、大小保持不变。,Capacitors and inductors are commonly used to achieve this type of control.,通常利用电容、电感实现这种控制。,Phase Control,Text,Phase shifting of an ac sine wave usually involves an LR or an LC compo

57、nent combination.,正弦交流波的相位移动经常包括LR或者LC组件。,These components are used to alter the current and voltage relationship of the circuit.,利用这些组件改变电路的电流与电压之间的关系。,Phase Control,Text,In an LR combination, inductance causes the current to lag behind the voltage by as much as 90.,在LR组件中，电感上的电流滞后其电压90。,Altering t

58、he resistive component of this combination causes a total circuit impedance (Z) change, which in turn produces a phase change.,改变该组件中的电阻会导致整个电路阻抗的变化，其相位相应地发生了变化。,Phase Control,Text,An RC network, by comparison, causes the current to lead the coltage by as much as 90.,比较而言，RC网络中电容上的电流超前其电压90。,Adjusti

59、ng the value of R in this type of circuit changes the total impedance, which in turn causes a phase change.,调解R的大小从而改变整个阻抗，其相位相应地发生了变化。,Phase Control,Text,A common way to show the phase relationship of ac current and voltage is to represent these values by lines called phasor.,显示交流电中电流、电压相位关系的通用方法是用称为相图的线表示。,Phase Control,Text,The line length of a phasor is used to show its value, while its direction i