E-language and I-language.ppt

1、1,E-language and I-language,2,Competence and Performance,A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. 语言能力是指理想化的语言使用者所具有的语言知识，语言运用指语言知识的实际应用。,3,Externalized language a

2、nd Internalized language,Externalized language: A language which can be regarded as a set of sentences a native speaker could use. 外表化语言是指人们在特定下所使用的(说或听)的话语. Internalized language: the concept of language is internal, in that it deals with an inner state of a native speakers mind/brain, independent

3、of other elements in the world. 所谓内在化语言，即存贮在人大脑内部的语言规则和语言知识，而非人和外部世界发生的联系。内在的语言观将语言视为人脑的内在属性而非任何外物；内在语言是“表征在某一特定个体大脑中的体系”（Chomsky，1988，P.36）,4,Conclusion,Linguistic knowledge: Competence; I-language Linguistic representation: Performance; E-language 语言知识: 语言能力；I-语言； 语法 语言表现: 语言运用；E-语言；语言,5,1.Why thi

4、s distinction are discussed?2. Which language is the target in linguistic study?,Chomsky said that it was an important step of changing attention from E-language to I-language in generative grammar study. So that in the history of linguistics, there is also an transition from the study of E-language

5、 to the study of I-language. 乔姆斯基认为，语言学发展的历史也展现出从研究外在语言向内在语言的过渡，“把注意力从纷繁的外在语言概念转到内在语言的重要观念上来是早期生成语法的重要一步。”（Chomsky，1991a，P.10）,6,The characteristics of I-language,A. It is individual in that it deals with a native speaker and with language communities only derivatively, as groups of people with simi

6、lar I-languages. 乔姆斯基反对用外表化语言研究语言的本质，也批评了语言的首要功能是为了交际的观点，因而他不是从集体的角度考察语言的应用，他的出发点立足于个人主义（Individualism）。这里的个人主义是指，内在化语言是内化于个体的大脑中的，因此大脑的活动状态只能是个体性的，而非集体性的。 B. It is tacit and subconscious. 内在化语言具有另一个重要特征，就是具有下意识性，即往往只可意会不能言传。,7,Native speakers intuition(语感或直觉）,(A) /bkil/, /ilbk/, /kbli/ (B) Mary goe

7、d home yesterday. (C) a beautiful girl with glasses of linguistics (D) The bed was murdered by the dog. (E) Mike saw a girl with binocular. 我们假设每个人都掌握本族语的语法，只要他会讲话，能听懂别人的话，能凭直觉分辨句子正确与否，就表明他具有内在的语法知识（tacit knowledge)。但是，一般情况下，人们意识不到自己掌握了哪些语言知识。,8,The goal of generative grammar,The ultimate goal of ge

8、nerative grammar is to characterize the nature of the internalized linguistic system. The data for generative linguistics is not the observed language (E-language), but intuitions about language (I-language) and the goal of generative linguistics is not the description of language but explanation of

9、 language. 生成语法理论关注的是说话者对某种语言“懂得”些什么以及这些知识是从哪里来的，而对说话者实际说出的话语并不给予过多关注。因此，以Chomsky 为代表的生成语法学派认为，语言学家的任务就是把语言使用者大脑中内在的语言知识挖掘出来，并加以形式化，上升为语言理论。,9,X-bar Schema (X-阶标图式）,10,In according with the Projection Principle, all words project according to their intrinsic lexical properties. Thus a three-level pr

10、ojection schema of more general nature is suggested for all lexical categories N, A, P, V:,XP,YP,X,X,ZP,head,X, Y, and Z are variables ranging over N,A,P,V , known as X-bar Schema,Specifier,Complement,11,In order to accommodate these new three-level structures, it is necessary to replace the origina

11、l XP rule by the two-phrase structure rules below.,A. XP (specifier) X B. X X (complement) The first rule stipulates that XP categories such as NP and VP consist of an optional specifier and an X. The second rule states that an X consists of a head, X, and any complements.,12,Although the node-label

12、s along the projection line X,X,and XP vary according to the categorial features of the lexical item, the overall pattern of the projection configuration in (a,b,c,d) is the same.,AP PP VP NP,Spec,A,A,PP,very,afraid,of snakes,Spec,P,P,NP,right,through,the center,NP,V,V,NP,The Romans,destroyed,the ci

13、ty,NP,N,N,PP,The Romans,destruction,of the city,a,b,c,d,13,The difference between NP and VP is that a verb projects an obligatory Specifier, While for NP, Specifier is only optinal, as in below:,NP,NP,N,N,Tom,Det,N,N,the,cat,14,a. a student of physicsb. a student with long hair,NP,NP,Det,N,N,PP(comp

14、lement),a,student,of physics,N,Det,N,PP(adjuct),a,student,with long hair,15,NP,Spec,N,N,N,N,PP (adjunct),PP,a,student,of physics,with long hair,a student of physics with long hair,16,A student with long hair of physics,NP,N,Det,N,N,PP,PP,a,student,of physics,with long hair,17,VP,VP,Spec,V,V,NP,rent,

15、a room,Spec,V,V,V,NP,PP,rent,a room,for Mary,adjunct,18,More generally, adjunction can be applied to X-bar Schema,XP,YP (Specifier),X,X,WP (adjuncts),X,ZP (complement),Head,19,Conclusion,The X-bar schema conveys two types of information about the internal structure of constituents across all lexical categories:1) that a