动词法 - 副本.ppt

1、动词法,The rules and usages of main verbs,I. Five Forms,Regular main verbs have five forms that are constructed in this way: 1. base form: The base form is what we find in dictionary entries: laugh, mention, play. 2. -s form: The -s form adds to the base form an ending in -s: laughs, mentions, plays. 3

2、. -ing participle: The -ing participle adds to the base form an ending in -ing: laughing, mentioning, playing. 4. -ed form (past): The -ed form adds to the base form an ending in -ed: laughed, mentioned, played. 5. -ed participle,Distinguish five forms of verbs.,1. base form: laugh hear cut speak 2.

3、 -s form: laughs hears cuts speaks 3. -ing participle: laughing hearing cutting speaking 4. past form: laughed heard cut spoke 5. -ed participle: laughed heard cut spoken,be,The irregular verb be has the most forms, eight in all: base form be present am, is, are past was, were -ing participle being

4、-ed participle been,Irregular verbs,There are over 250 irregular verbs in English. Apart from the verb be, the -s form and the -ing participle can be predicted for all verbs from the base form. We therefore need list only three forms to show irregularities: the base, past, and ed participle. These t

5、hree forms are known as the principal parts of the verb.,bend bent bent ; earn earnt earnt build built built; learn learnt learnt have had had ;smell smelt smelt make made made ;spoil spoilt spoilt mow mowed mown :shear sheared shorn show showed shown: swell swelled swollen,buy bought bought; dream

6、dreamt dreamt hear heard heard; kneel knelt knelt lose lost lost; lean leant leant say said said; leap leapt leapt blow blew blown; see saw seen break broke broken; take took taken hide hid hidden ; tear tore torn lie lay lain ;write wrote written,bleed bled bled; get got got dig dug dug ; hold held

7、 held find found found : strike struck struck fight fought fought: win won won,burst fit hit rid hurt sweat let wet,-ed form,The -ed form represents two distinct functions that are differentiated in the forms of some irregular verbs. Contrast the one form for laugh in the following sets of sentences

8、 with the two forms of give and speak:,past She laughed at us. She gave us a smile. She spoke to us. -ed participle She has laughed at us. She has given us a smile. She has spoken to us.,Tense, person, and number,Tense is a grammatical category referring to the time of the situation; the tense is in

9、dicated by the form of the verb. There are two tense forms: present and past. There are three persons: first person (the person or persons speaking or writing), second person (the person or persons addressed), and third person (others). There are two numbers: singular and plural.,the third person si

10、ngular,For all verbs except be, there are two forms for the present: the -s form and the base form. The -s form is used for the third person singular, that is with he, she, it, and singular noun phrases as subject: He plays football every day. The road seems narrower.,Be,Be has three forms for the p

11、resent tense, which are distinct from the base form be: am first person singular is third person singular are others,Be has two forms for the past: was first and third person singular were others,present and past,The two tenses are related to distinctions in time, but they do not correspond precisel

12、y to the difference between present and past in the real world. The present tense generally refers to a time that includes the time of speaking but usually extends backward and forward in time: e.g.: Three and five make eight. We live in Sydney. I work in the steel industry. They are my neighbours.,

13、stative and dynamic verbs,The major distinction in meaning is between verbs that are stative and verbs that are dynamic.,Stative verbs,Stative verbs introduce a quality attributed to the subject or a state of affairs: I am a French citizen. Their children are noisy. She has two brothers. I heard you

14、r alarm this morning.,Dynamic verbs,Dynamic verbs introduce events. They refer to something that happens: Her books sell well. We talked about you last night. Your ball has broken my window. I listened to her respectfully.,Dynamic verbs with the -ing form,Dynamic verbs, but not stative verbs, occur

15、quite normally with the -ing form: Her books are selling well. We were talking about you last night. They have been playing in the yard. She is looking at us.,stative verbs with the -ing form,When stative verbs are used with the -ing form, they have been transformed into dynamic verbs: Their childre

16、n are being noisy. (behaving noisily) I am having a party next Sunday evening.,Aspect,In grammar,aspectis the way that a verb group shows whether an activity is continuing, is repeated, or is completed. For example, in They were laughing, the verb is in the progressive aspect and shows that the acti

17、on was continuing.,aspects,Verbs have two aspects: the perfect aspect and the progressive aspect.,The perfect of a verb,The perfect of a verb combines a form of the auxiliary have with the -ed participle of that verb. The auxiliary has two present tense forms (has, have) and one past form (had). For

18、 example, the present perfect of close is has closed or have closed and the past perfect is had closed:,I have closed the shop for the day. The shop has closed for the day. The police had closed the shop months ago.,The present perfect refers to a situation set in some indefinite period that leads t

19、o the present. The situation may be a state of affairs that extends to the present: They have been unhappy for a long time. I have lived here since last summer. We have always liked them.,Or it may be an event or set of events that is viewed as possibly recurring: We have discussed your problems. I

20、have phoned him every day since he fell ill. He has read only newspapers until now.,The past perfect,The past perfect refers to a situation earlier than another situation set in the past: We had heard a lot about her before we ever met her.,progressive,The progressive combines a form of the auxiliar

21、y be with the -ing participle. The present progressive and the past progressive are illustrated below: You are neglecting your work. I am resting just now. The children were fighting all morning. We were waiting for you in the lobby.,The progressive indicates that the situation is in progress. It ma

22、y therefore also imply that it lasts for only a limited period and that it is not ended. Contrast I read a novel last night (which implies that I finished it) with I was reading a novel last night.,Expressing future time,The most common way is by combining will (or the contraction ll ) with the base

23、 form: My sister will arrive tomorrow. Ill talk to you next week.,Two other common ways are the use of be going to and the present progressive: Im going to study during the vacation. Were playing your team next week.,时态,时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的

24、方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种方式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下16种时态形式（以do为例）:现在: 一般现在时 现在完成时 现在进行时 现在完成进行时do ; have done; is doing; have been doing过去: 一般过去时; 过去完成时; 过去进行时; 过去完成进行时did; had done ; was doing; had been doing将来: 一般将来时; 将来完成时; 将来进行时; 将来完成进行时will do; will have done ; will be doing; will have been doing 过去将来

25、时：would do; 过去将来完成时：would have done ;过去将来进行时： would be doing; 过去将来完成进行时would have been doing,一般现在时的用法,主要表示目前的特征或状态、现在经常性或习惯性的动作、客观存在及普遍真理等。如： I know you are busy. 我知道你很忙。She visits her parents every day. 她每天去看她的父母。Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。,一般过去时的用法,表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，或表示在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如

26、： We went to the cinema last night. 昨晚我们去看电影了。We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。注：表示过去的一系列动作，尽管有先后，都用一般过去时，最后两个动词之间用and连接。如：He stood up, looked around and left.他站起来，环顾了一下四周，然后就离开了。,现在进行时的用法,1.表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。如： I am planning to travel around China. 我打算环游中国。Are you staying

27、at a hotel? 你们是住旅馆吗？ 2.某些动词（如go, come, leave, start）的现在进行时可表示计划或安排好了的将来动作。如： Theyre getting married next month. 他们下个月结4昏。Im leaving for New York tomorrow. 我明天动身去纽约。 3.与always，often, forever等副词连用可表示赞扬、厌烦等感情色彩。如： Hes constantly changing his mind. 他老是改变主意。She is always thinking of her work. 她老想着她的工作。注：

28、状态动词或静态动词通常不用于进行时态。,过去进行时的用法,1.表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。如： I was having a shower at that time. 劳动时我正在洗操。 2.表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。如： I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报，这时门铃响了。 3.过去进行时在语境中的运用。如： I waved to her but she wasnt looking. 我向她挥手但她没往这边瞧。She didnt hear the doorbell. She was listen

29、ing to the radio. 她没听见门铃响。她在听收音机。注：与always, forever, frequently等副词连用，可表示某种感情色彩。如：She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。（厌烦）She was always thinking of others. 她总是为别人着想。（赞扬）,现在完成时的用法,1.表示过去发生的动作对现在所造成的影响或表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。如： Have you considered going abroad to study? 你有没有考虑过出国留学？The storm has last

30、ed for three hours. 暴雨已经持续下了3个钟头了。 2.经常与现在完成时连用的状语或结构有already, just, so far, in the last past few years, it is the first time that, for five years, since 1980等。如： Ive known her for a long time. 我认识她很长时间了。Ive already posted your letters. 我已把你的信寄出去了。So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有坏消息。Since

31、 then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后，他养成了另一个坏习惯。注：现在完成时不与具体的过去时间状语或when连用。,过去完成时的用法,1.表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作（即所谓的“过去的过去”），或表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。如： When we arrived he had already left. 我们到达时他已经离开了。By six oclock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他已工作了12小时。 2.表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，主要用于hope，w

32、ant, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等动词。如：I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。We had thought to return early, hut they wouldnt let us go. 我们本想早些回来的，但他们不让我们走。,般将来时的用法,1.表示在将来的某个时候将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如： Ill shall do a better job next time. 下次我要干得更好些。The concert will start in

33、 a minute. 音乐会马上就开始了。 2.表示将来时间的常见方法。英语中除了“will shall + 动词原形”表示将来时态外，还可以有以下多种方法： (1)用“be going to + 动词原形”表示打算或预测。如：We are not going to stay there long. 我们不准备在那里久待。Im afraid theyre going to lose the game. 恐怕他们比赛会输。(2)用“be to + 动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。如：He is to leave for Beijing tomorrow.

34、 他明天去北京。Tell him hes not to be back late. 告诉他不准晚归。(3)用“be about to + 动词原形”表示即将要发生的事。如：Look! The race is about to start. 瞧！比赛就要开始了。,过去将来时的用法,表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。如：I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。I was certain he would come. 我肯定他会来。表示从过去某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作。如：Hes been smoking too much recently. 他近来抽烟太多。She

35、 is very tired. Shes been working all morning. 她很累。她工作了一个上午了。,将来完成时,将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。-Hewillhavegraduatedfromhighschoolbeforehisnextbirthday.-Theshopwillhaveclosedalreadybeforeyougetthere.,Exercises: Aspect,Identify the italicized verbs as present perfect, past perfect, present pro

36、gressive, past progressive, present perfect progressive, or past perfect progressive.,1. People are realizing that trying to keep fit can be dangerous. 2. Ted was celebrating his 40th birthday last week. 3. She implied that he had become stale. 4. She believes that she has been enjoying good health

37、by taking large daily doses of Vitamin C. 5. They had been making regular visits to an osteopath.,6. Doreen has been looking much younger lately. 7. They have given evidence of the health advantages of a sedentary life. 8. We have been jogging several times a week. 9. She has never taken time off to

38、 relax. 10. Some tycoons are regularly eating heavy four-course business lunches.,Exercises : Aspect,Make up a sentence using each verb below in the specified tense and aspect . 1. enjoy present perfect 2. find past perfect 3. refuse present progressive 4. convince past progressive 5. go present per

39、fect progressive 6. win past perfect progressive,1. The last time I_ Jane, she _ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 2. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left 3. Can I join the club, Dad? -You can when you_a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got,4. Do you like the material? Yes, it_very soft. A. is feeling B. fel