专业英语概述与语法特点

1、Specialized English,专业英语(Specialized English for Science and Technology)是随专业分工日益细化，在科技英语的基础上形成的。涉及的面更狭窄，与专业的配合更加紧密。是结合各自专业的科技英语。,Lecture 1 Introduction, 也是以表达科技概念，理论，事实为目的，遵循科技英语的语法体系。特别注重客观事实和真理，逻辑性强，表达准确，精练。 专业英语需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等。,专业英语,（English for Special Science and Te

2、chnology）,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(1). 专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。,1.1 什么是专业英语,plant, bus, error, performance,horsepower microchip, semiconductor,例1：If a mouse is installed in a computer, then the available memory space for user will reduce. 错误译法：如果让老鼠在计算机里面筑窝，那么使用者的记忆空间就会减少。 专业译法：如果计算机安装了鼠标，则用户可利用内存空间就会减少。 例2：Co

3、nnect the black pigtail with the dog- house. 错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏罩上。,1.1 什么是专业英语,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(2) 外文科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多，被动语态多，大量的名词化结构等，这都给对原文的理解和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。 例： The heating system and the water heater（热水器） in a house are system in which only the sign of the difference

4、between desired and actual temperatures is used for control.,1.1 什么是专业英语,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(3) 专业英语对听说读写译的侧重点不同，其主要的要求在于“读”和“译”，也就是通过大量的

5、阅读对外文资料进行正确的理解和翻译（interpretation特别注重客观事实和真理，表达准确、精练和正式。,2. 科技英语与专业英语,It is a known fact that the rotation of the Earth is gradually slowing. For four and one half billion years, its entire life, it has been slowing down. If the Earths rotation was not slowing, there would be none of this stress, and

6、 its shape would have remained constant throughout the ages,2. 科技英语与专业英语,Work must be done in setting a body in motion. Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere.,使一个物体运动时，必须做功(词义引申)。,沸点的定义就是气压等于大气压时的温度。(v n),The mechanical energy can

7、be changed back into electrical through a generator,发电机可以把机械能再转换成电能,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性,(1) 科研信息获取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对电气工程、电子工程和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项 申请专利 发表学术论文：,85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,阅读能力：专业词汇、基本语法、

8、专业知识； 阅读材料选取：结合专业、难度适中；阅读方式：精读、泛读相结合。 写作能力：论文、技术总结； 将中译本内容翻译为英文，与英语原文对比。,1.3 课程的学习内容,基础知识 文体特点，语法特点， 词汇特点，常用符号公式表达 阅读翻译 专业词汇的翻译，词性的转换，形容词和名词的翻译， 被动语态和长句的翻译等 Resume 学习科技文献的写作格式及写作技巧,Grading System,Final examination 50% Assignment 50% Warnings: Copying assignment is prohibited. Delay of submission inf

9、luences on marks,Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English,专业英语的特点,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness)。,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,(2) 广泛使用非谓语形式,(3) 省略句使用频繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,(客观性),We can store electrical energy in t

10、wo metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads. Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called ca

11、pacitor or condenser. Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads,试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,1) Electricity can be mea

12、sured in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.,电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的,3) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ，以便读出期望的数值。,2.1 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以

13、起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。, 动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.,Before d

14、esigning a new electronic product we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验,2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.,Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,用动名词短语做主语,4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制

15、电流的一种方法,5) Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features, 分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The power supply shown in

16、 block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。,2.1 Grammar Features,2) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.,工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。, 分词,

17、练习,A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。,2.1 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,(1) The c

18、apacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circ

19、uit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,2.1 Grammar Features,2.1 Grammar Features,(3) 省略句使用频繁,省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。,1) If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,If p

20、ossible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。,(精炼),2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。,3) The device includes an

21、instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,2.1 Grammar Features,As already discussed 前已讨论 As explained before 前已解释 As described above 如上所示 If possib

22、le (necessary)如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时 Where feasible 在实际可行的场合 Where possible 在可能的情况下,2.1 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to,It takes ve

23、ry much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that,祈使句: 无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider (Assume) feedback control. 假如。,（准确、精炼）,2.1 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,1) It has been mentioned above that the electrons in

24、a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,2.1 Grammar Features,2) The reluctance mot

25、or operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.,磁阻电动机以某一速率同步动转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。,3) The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally

26、 taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.,交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。,2.1 Grammar Features,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1) All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies

27、have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。,到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器,（精炼）,2.2 Rhetoric Featu

28、res,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,(1) 广泛使用一般现在时,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3) 逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although, because, however (but), if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, du

29、e to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,提高专业英语阅读、翻译能力的 基本要素 1、专业词汇 2、基本语法关系 3、结合专业内容,1、专业词汇 特别注意行业内的普遍认可的名称。 The majority of bipolar transistors used in ICs are of the npn type because the higher mobility of minority carriers (electrons) in the base region results in higher speed performance than can b

30、e obtained with pnp types. IC中所用双极晶体管大多数是NPN型的，因为它在基区中少数载体（电子）的更高移动性产生比PNP型所能得到的更高速度的性能。 应改为：IC中所用双极晶体管大多数是NPN型的，因为基区中少数载流子（电子）具有较高的迁移率，使NPN晶体管的速度性能高于PNP晶体管。,Next, a high-temperature (1100C) drive-in step forms the n+-buried layer, which has a typical sheet resistance of 20/.接着，一个高温（约为1100）驱入步骤形成N+埋

31、入层，它具有典型的平板电阻20/。 应改为：然后采用高温（约为1100）再分布步骤形成N+埋层，其方块电阻典型值为20/。 Figure 2.33b shows a cross-sectional view of the device after the epitaxial process. 图2-33b示出了外延过程之后，器件的交叉区视图。 建议改为：图2-33b显示的是经过外延工艺之后的器件剖面图。,The conventional MOS isolation process has some disadvantages that make it unsuitable for deep-s

32、ubmicrometer (0.25m) fabrication. 传统MOS隔离过程具有一些劣势，这使之不适合于深度次微米(0.25m)制造 应改为：传统MOS隔离工艺具有一些缺点，使其不适合于深亚微米(0.25m)制造 To control the formation of such defects, special inline monitoring techniques are required. 为了控制这种缺陷的形成，就要求有特殊的内嵌（inline）监控技术。 应改为：为了控制这些缺陷的形成，要求采用特殊的在线（inline）监控技术。,图3-20 互连接层的基本测试结构 (a)

33、迂回结构 (b)双峰结构,应改为：图3-20 互连层基本测试结构 (a)蛇状结构(b)双梳状结构,2、基本语法关系 分析语法关系是为了帮助正确理解内容，不能为了追求语法细节而分析语法。 In this section we discuss the physical effects that are exploited in those semiconductor memories that can retain stored data after power supplies are disconnected, and where the stored data can be modified. 该句有5个谓语，分析从句关系有助于理解内容。 本节讨论具有下述特点的半导体存储器中采用的物理效应