高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题修订版

1、阅读理解之 主旨大意题解题技巧,How To Get The Main Idea?,如何做主旨大意题?,1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the following can summar- ise the main idea of this text? 3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea? 4)Which is the subject discussed in the text? 6)Whats the best title for this passage

2、?,主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:,如何做主旨大意题,做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,第三: 要学会借助文章的结构来把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主题句( Topic sentence)来表达。主题句常常出现在段首(60%-90%)或段尾处, 有时也在段落中间。同样, 一篇文章的中心思想也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。因此

3、, 在阅读中, 我们要对文章的开始段和结尾段及段落的主题句给予特别的注意。,主旨大意题,干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。,干扰项 可能是从文中某些 (不完全的) 事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。,干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,主题扩大干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。,干扰项具有如下五个特点,1.以偏概全。,3.主题扩大。 4.张冠李戴。 5.无中生有，似是而非,2.断章取义。,主旨大意题,干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。,干扰项 可能是从文中某些 (不完全的) 事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。,干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,(正确答案) :

4、据文章全面理解 而归纳概括出来的；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。,How to get the main idea of a paragraph?,Passage 1 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast

5、American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.,练习题,细

6、节题,解释,Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph A. GM is one of the largest car producers. B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia. C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers. D. The flood of the cheaper

7、foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.,文章,解释,【解析】答案为C。take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。,文章,1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smok

8、ing can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant co

9、ld or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.,2 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only b

10、e trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79.

11、Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers

12、 are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存货) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set,This

13、 sales trick is called “bait and switch”.,4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal backgroun

14、d. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was a

15、n excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.,detail,detail,detail,Types Of Paragraph Structures,At the beginning,At the end,In the middle,No clear topic sentence,Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their l

16、iteracy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program

17、in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of rea

18、ding aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturd

19、ay-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.,Example and success of the p

20、rogram,Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to I

21、ntermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialist

22、s admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the

23、 childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it i

24、n April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.,Example and success of the program,59. What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.,文章标题的选择或拟定 标题用来帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主

25、要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，点明文章主题。,标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。 它的特点是：短小精悍，涵盖性强， 简洁新颖。,一是概括性原则，要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题要旨。,二是针对性原则，针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。 概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。 但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则,三是醒目性原则。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的 灵魂和门面。,选好标题的三个原则,概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，以点代面，以偏概全，从而导致范围太小)；,过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；,以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。,避免下列三种错误：,Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of S