第十二章-中国国土资源管理与可持续发展Management

1、中国国土资源管理与可持续发展Management and Sustainable Development of Chinas Land and Resources,中华人民共和国国土资源部 Department of Planning of the Ministry of Land and Resources, China,一、中国国土资源基本形势 The Basic Situation of Chinas Land and Resources,（一）中国国土资源状况 The status of Chinas Land and Resource,一、中国国土资源基本形势 The Basic S

2、ituation of Chinas Land and Resources 二、中国国土资源管理体系 The Management System of Chinas Land and Resources 三、中国国土资源管理工作现状和未来 The Present Situation and the Future of Land and Resources Management of China,内容提纲 Outline of Presentation,中国位于亚洲东部，陆地面积960万km2，内海和边海水域面积约470多万km2。有37个省级行政区。2006年，国内生产总值210871亿元，总

3、人口131448万人。 China is situated at the east of the Asia . It has a land area of 9,600,000 km2. Its inner and border sea water area is about 4,700,000 km2. Its 37 provincial administration regions. In 2006, its gross domestic product was RMB 21.0871 trillion Yuan, with the population of 1,314,480,000 p

4、ersons.,中国自然资源在总体上呈现出四个特点：资源总量大，类型齐全；人均资源占有量少；资源空间分布不均衡，资源组合结构不匹配；资源开发难度大，节约集约程度不高。 Chinas natural resources generally has four characteristics: big volume of the total resource with full types, small amount of per man resource occupancy, unbalanced spatial distribution of resources and mismatching

5、of resource combination structure as well as difficulty of being developed.,土地资源特点一：总量大，人均占有量小。The first characteristics of land resource : big total volume with small occupancy.,中国陆地面积和耕地面积都位居世界第3，耕地占世界耕地的9.3%；多年生牧场面积占世界11.5%，居世界第1。2006年，全国耕地面积12177.59万公顷，人均耕地0.093公顷，不到世界平均水平的40%。 Its cultivable la

6、nd area accounts for 9.3% of the world, ranking the third in the world. Its perennial pasture area accounts for 11.5% of that of the world, ranking the first in the world. By 2006, the cultivated lands of the whole country was 121,775,900 hectares, but there was only 0.093 hectare per man cultivated

7、 land, even less than 40% of the worlds average level.,2006年全国土地利用 the land-use of China in 2006,25.9,13.1,10.9,2.85,2.1,1.43,人均耕地（亩） per man cultivated land （mu）(2005 year),加拿大 Canada,俄罗斯 Russia,美国 American,印度 India,德国 German,中国 China,土地资源特点二：耕地总体质量不高。The Secondly characteristics of land resource :

8、 the general quality of the cultivated area was poor.,高产田仅占28%，中产田为40%，低产田为32%。优质耕地占用过快，耕地污染退化比较严重，全国每年因水土流失、土壤盐碱化和沙化损失的耕地仍在增加。 High yielded field accounted for only 28%, medium yielded field for 40% and low yielded field accounted for 32%. Good quality cultivated land was occupied too fast, resulti

9、ng in a bit serious recession due to pollution of cultivated land. Each year, the loss of cultivated land in the country due to soil erosion, salinization and desertification is still increasing.,2001-2006年全国灾毁耕地情况 The loss of cultivated land area due to natural disasters 2001-2006 year,土地资源特点三：土地资源

10、区域差异显著。The Thirdly characteristics of land resource : the regional difference of land resources. 宜农、宜林土地主要分布于东部季风区，80%以上的草地分布在西北干旱区。Lands suitable for agriculture and forest are mainly distributed over the east seasonal wind areas. Over 80% of grass lands are distributed over the northwestern dry ar

11、eas.,土地资源特点四：可供开发利用的土地面积小The fourth characteristics of land resource : the developable and applicable land area is small 耕地后备资源不足，仅1亿亩左右。the cultivated backup land resource is insufficient (only about 100,000,000 mu).,中国矿产资源总量丰富，但人均资源量少；资源禀赋较差，利用难度大。 China is rich in total volume of mineral resource

12、s， But the per man resource volume is little；The resources are not of natural endowment, with difficulty of utilization 。,中国矿产资源总量约占世界的12%，居世界第3位；人均资源量仅为世界水平的58%，居世界第53位，主要矿产探明人均储量不到世界平均水平的1/4。,The total volume of mineral resources of China accounts for about 12% of that of the world, ranking the th

13、ird in the world. the per man resource volume is only at 58% of the worlds level, ranking 53 in the world. The major proven per man deposit of mineral resources is not up to 1/4 of the average world level.,矿物能源结构不良，优质能源少。大型矿床和容易选冶的矿产地少，中小矿和共生伴生矿多。探明矿产中，1/3在现有经济技术条件下难利用。 The mineral energy is of poor

14、 structure, lack of good quality energy. Large-sized mineral beds and easy selecting and smelting mineral lands are little, but there are many medium-sized and paragenous and associated mines. Among the proven minerals, 1/3 are very difficult to utilize under existing economic and technical conditio

15、ns.,已探明储量的159种矿产分类表159 minerals with identified resources and reserves in China in 2006,中国海洋资源种类繁多。其中，海洋石油资源量约240亿吨，天然气资源量14万亿立方米，滨海砂矿资源储量31亿吨，海洋可再生能源理论蕴藏量6.3亿千瓦，水深0至15米的浅海面积12.4万平方千米。 China has many types of marine resources. Among them, the amount of marine petroleum resources is about 24 billion

16、tons, that of natural gas resources is about 14 trillion m3, coastal sand mineral resources deposit is 3.1 billion tons and the theoretical ocean reproducible energy deposit is about 0.63 billion kilowatts, the shallow sea area with water depth from 0 to 15 m is about 124 thousand km2.,（二）国土资源在促进经济社

17、会发展中发挥了重要作用 The land and resources played an important role in promoting development of economic society,严格保护耕地，对保障国家粮食安全和维护社会稳定发挥了重要作用。耕地为中国农民提供了60%的经济收入和6080%的生活必需品。土地供应有力支持了城乡建设，保证了国家经济发展的需要。 Strictly protecting cultivated land has played an important role in guaranteeing national grain safety an

18、d safeguarding social stability. The cultivated land in China provides farmers 40 to 60% of economic incomes and 60 to 80% of life necessities. The land supply has strongly supported the urban and rural construction and guaranteed the need of national economic development.,矿产资源是经济发展重要的物质基础。中国90%左右的能

19、源、80%以上的工业原材料、70%以上的农业生产资料和30%以上的生活用水来自矿产资源，有力地支持了国民经济和社会发展。 The mineral resource is an important material base of economic development. About 90% of Chinas energy, over 80% of industrial raw material, over 70% of agricultural production material and over 30% of living water come from mineral resour

20、ces that has strongly supported the national economy and social development.,海洋日益成为经济社会发展的重要空间和资源宝库，海洋资源在中国经济社会发展中的作用日益显著，海洋经济已成为新的经济增长点。 The ocean is increasingly becoming the important space and resource treasure-house for the development of economic society. The role of ocean resources in develop

21、ment of Chinas economic society increasingly obvious and the marine economy has become the new economic growth point.,The total output value of Chinas main marine industries,The total output value and the ratio of added value to GDP,（三）土地、矿产资源与经济社会发展的矛盾加剧 The contradiction between land, mineral reso

22、urces and economic development is agravated,土地方面，耕地面积大量减少。土地粗放利用的现象也比较普遍，进一步加剧了土地供求矛盾。,the cultivated land area greatly decreased. The phenomenon of extensive utilization of land also existed widely, which further deteriorated the contradiction between the supply and demand of the land.,2001-2006年全国

23、耕地面积变化情况 The changing of cultivated land area 2001-2006 year,7年内，全国净减少耕地上亿亩。,矿产供需矛盾进一步加剧。矿产资源开发利用粗放和破坏浪费严重。矿山“小、散、多”问题突出，矿产资源总回收率、共伴生矿的利用率低。 In the aspect of mineral resources, the contradiction between supply and demand of minerals has been further worsened. The phenomenon of extensive development

24、and utilization, sabotage and waste of mineral resources was worsening. The problems of “small, disperse and excessive” mines stood out. The total recovery ratio and availability of common associated minerals of mineral resource were low.,石油生产与消费状况 the output and consumption of oil in China 1990-200

25、6,矿产品进出口总额 Chinas total trade volume of mineral commodities,海洋资源开发利用程度还不高，海洋调查勘探程度低，海洋资源开发过度与不足并存，近岸海域污染和海洋灾害损失严重。The level of exploitation and use of marine resources were still not high while the marine survey level was still low. The over exploitation and lack of exploitation of marine resources

26、coexist. The off-shore sea water areas were seriously polluted and serious loss was suffered from marine disasters.,二、中国国土资源管理体系,The Management System of Chinas Land and Resources,（一）国土资源部的管理职能,The Management Function of Ministry of Land and Resources of China,中国国土资源部组建于1998年，主要职能是：土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源等自然

27、资源的规划、管理、保护与合理利用。 The Ministry of Land and Resources of China was set up in 1998, The major function of Ministry of Land and Resources is: planning, management, protection and rational utilization of natural resources such as land, mineral and marine resources.,国土资源部的主要职责包括12项： The Ministry of Land

28、and Resources has following 12 major responsibilities:,1. 拟定有关法律法规，发布土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源等自然资源管理的规章；研究拟定管理、保护与合理利用土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源政策；制订土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源管理的技术标准、规程、规范和办法。 To enact relevant laws and regulations and promulgate the rules governing the management of natural resources such as land, mineral and marin

29、e resources to develop policies regarding the management, protection and rational utilization of land, mineral and marine resources; to formulate the technical criteria, rules, standards and measures for land, mineral and marine resources;,2. 组织编制和实施国土规划、土地利用总体规划和其他专项规划；参与报国务院审批的城市总体规划的审核，指导、审核地方土地利

30、用总体规划；组织矿产资源、海洋资源的调查评价，编制矿产资源和海洋资源保护与合理利用规划、地质勘查规划、地质灾害防治和地质遗迹保护规划。 To compile and implement the national comprehensive planning for land and resources, overall plan for land use and other specific plans; to participate in the examination and verification of urban overall plans submitted to the Stat

31、e Council for approval, instruct and verify local overall plans for land use; to organize the survey and evaluation of mineral and marine resources; to develop plans for the protection and rational utilization of mineral and marine resources, for geological survey, for the prevention and mitigation

32、of geological hazards and for the protection of geological remains;,3. 监督检查各级国土资源主管部门行政执法和土地、矿产、海洋资源规划执行情况；依法保护土地、矿产、海洋资源所有者和使用者的合法权益，承办并组织调处重大权属纠纷，查处重大违法案件。,To supervise and inspect the law enforcement of the departments for land and resources management at various levels and the implementation of

33、plans for land, mineral and marine resources; to protect the lawful rights and interests of the owners and users of land, mineral and marine resources according to the law, to undertake and organize the arbitration of major disputes over rights and ownership and the investigation of major law-breaki

34、ng cases;,To develop and implement policies on special protection of cultivated land and encouraging the development of cultivated land; to enforce the control over the different purposes on agricultural land; to organize the protection of capital farmland; to instruct the development of unused land

35、 and cultivated land, the land revitalization and reclamation and supervise the development of cultivated land, so as to ensure the increase of cultivated land without any decrease.,4. 拟定实施耕地特殊保护和鼓励耕地开发政策，实施农地用途管制，组织基本农田保护，指导未利用土地开发、土地整理、土地复垦和开发耕地的监督工作，确保耕地面积只能增加、不能减少。,5. 制订地籍管理办法，组织土地资源凋查、地藉调查、土地统计

36、和动态监测；指导土地确权、城乡地籍、土地定级和登记等工作。 To formulate cadastral management regulation; to organize land and resources survey, cadastral survey, land statistics and dynamic monitoring; to instruct the works on land titles, urban and rural land recording, land grading and registration;,6. 拟定并按规定组织实施土地使用权出让、租赁、作价

37、出资、转让、交易和政府收购管理办法，制订国有土地划拨使用目录指南和乡（镇）村用地管理办法，指导农村集体非农土地使用权的流转管理。 To develop and organize to implement the regulations for the assignment, lease, evaluation, transfer, transaction and governmental purchasing of the right to use the land; to work out catalogue guideline for the allocation of the state

38、-owned land and management measures on the land for villages and townships usage, to instruct the transfer of right to use non-agricultural land owned by rural collectives.,7.指导基准地价、标定地价评测，审定评估机构从事土地评估的资格，确认土地使用权价格。承担报国务院审批的各类用地的审查报批工作。 To administrate the evaluation of reference and standard land p

39、rices, verify and assess the qualification of organizations engaging in land evaluation and appraisal, confirm the price of land-use right; to undertake the verification and approval of applications for various land utilization submitted to State Council for approval.,8.依法管理矿产资源探矿权、采矿权的审批登记发证和转让审批登记

40、；依法审批对外合作区块；承担矿产资源储量管理工作，管理地质资料汇交； To administer the approval, registration and licensing of the rights to explore and to mine the mineral resources and the rights to transfer them according to the law; to verify and approve the blocks for cooperation with foreign investment according to law; to und

41、ertake the management of mineral resource reserves and the collection and compilation of geological data;,9.组织监测、防治地质灾害和保护地质遗迹；依法管理水文地质、工程地质、环境地质勘查和评价工作。 To organize the monitoring prevention and mitigation of geological disasters and the protection of geological remains; to supervise the hydrogeolo

42、gical, engineering and environmental geological explorations and evaluations according to law;,10.安排并监督检查国家财政拨给的地勘费和国家财政拨给的其他资金。 To arrange, supervise and inspect the use of geological exploration funds allocated by the state and other funds allocated through state finance.,11.组织开展土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源的对外合

43、作与交流。 To organize and carry out international cooperation and experience exchange on land, mineral and marine resources.,12. 承办国务院交办的其他事项。 To fulfill other duties assigned by the State Council.,（二）国土资源管理制度,Management System of Land and Resources,当前中国国土资源管理制度的核心是土地资源管理和矿产资源管理。 Presently, the core of

44、management system of land and resources of China is the land and mineral resources management.,土地资源管理的基本制度：中国实行土地社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。实行土地有偿使用、土地用途管制、农用地转用、建设用地统一供应制度。 The content of the fundamental system on land resource management is: China implements socialist public ownership, namely, the o

45、wnership by the whole people and the collective ownership of mass laborers. She enforces systems of compensable use and utilization control of land, usage transfer of agricultural land and unitively supply of construction land,形成了土地利用总体规划、土地利用年度计划、农用地转用和土地征收审批、土地执法监察和国家土地总督察等一系列具体的管理制度。 form a serie

46、s of management systems such as the comprehensive and annual plans for land utilization, usage transfer of agricultural land and expropriation and approval of land, supervision on law enforcement and national land general supervision.,土地利用总体规划是城乡建设、土地管理的纲领性文件，是加强宏观调控、发挥市场配置土地资源基础性作用的重要前提，是实行土地用途管制、落

47、实最严格的土地管理制度的基本手段。 the comprehensive plans of land utilization is the programmatic document for urban and rural construction and land management, the important premise for strengthening macro regulation and control and playing the basic role of market configuration of land resources and the means for

48、 implementing land-use control and putting in effect the most strictest land management system.,土地利用年度计划是国家对计划年度农用地转用量、土地开发整理补充耕地量和耕地保有量的具体安排，它既是实施土地利用总体规划的重要手段，又是用地审批的重要依据。 The annual plan for land use is the practical arrangement of the amount of annual transferred volume of agricultural land, amo

49、unt of the land exploitation, arrangement and supplementation of cultivated land and the amount of retained cultivated land. This plan acts as not only an important means to enforce comprehensive land plans, but also the important basis for land use verification and approval.,农用地转用和土地征收审批是土地利用总体规划和土

50、地利用年度计划得以落实的关键环节，是土地供应的“闸门”。 The verification and approval of usage transfer of agricultural land and expropriation of land is the key link that the comprehensive plan for the verification and approval of transfer of agricultural land and land expropriation and the annual plan for land use. It is al

51、so the “gate valve” of land supply.,土地执法监察和国家土地总督察是土地政策得以贯彻落实的重要保障。 The law enforcing police for the land and national land general supervisor is the important guarantee for implementing land policy.,矿产资源管理基本制度内容：国家对矿产资源的基本方针是坚持“在保护中开发，在开发中保护”的总原则；执行对矿产资源的勘查、开采实行统一规划、合理布局、综合勘查、合理开采和综合利用的方针；实施对矿产资源严而

52、又严的管理制度。 The content of basic system for management of mineral resources: the basic policy of the state for mineral resources is to keep the general principle of “seeking development in protection while entreating protection in development”; to implement the policy of unitize planning of exploration

53、 and exploitation, rational arrangement, comprehensive survey, rational mining and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources; to implement more and more strict management system.,矿产资源属于国家所有，由国务院行使国家对矿产资源的所有权，这是中国制定矿产资源管理制度的基础。所有权、使用权分离是制定管理制度的原则。矿产资源的使用权分为探矿权和采矿权。国家对矿产资源实行统一规划管理。Mineral resourc

54、es belong to the state, the ownership of which is to be exercised by the State Council. This is the basis of mineral resources management system established by China. Separating the servitude from the ownership is the principle of developing management system. The servitude of mineral resources is d

55、ivided as prospecting right and mining right. The state practices the unitive planning management.,（三）当前国土资源管理工作重点,The Stress of Current Land and Resources Management,第一，加强土地管理特别是耕地保护工作，实现土地资源永续利用。 The first is to strengthen the land management, especially the protection of cultivated land and reali

56、ze the permanent and continuous utilization of land recourses;,第二，加强国土资源的调查评价和科学规划，为国民经济发展作出贡献。 The second is to enhance investigative assessment and scientific planning of land and resources and make contributions to national economic development.,第三，加强国土资源信息系统建设，实现信息服务社会化。 The third is to strength

57、en the construction of information system for land and resources, to realize socialization of information service.,第四，建立适应社会主义市场经济的国土资源管理新体制、新机制。 The fourth is to establish new systems and mechanisms for land and resources management adaptable for socialist market economy.,第五，健全法制，依法行政。 The fifth is

58、 to perfect the legal system and administer according to law。,三、中国国土资源管理工作现状和未来,The Present Situation and the Future of Land and Resources Management of China,（一）“十五”时期国土资源管理工作,The management of land and resources During the “Tenth Five-Year-Plan” period,贯彻落实最严格的土地管理制度，严格控制建设占用耕地的总规模，实现了建设占用耕地占补平衡，保

59、证了国家粮食安全。 It is required to put in effect the strictest land management system for strictly controlling the overall scope of cultivated land occupied by construction to realize the balance between the occupation and compensation of cultivated land occupied by construction and guarantee the grain safety of the state.,治理整顿土地市场秩序，耕地保护力度进一步加大。全面清理各类开发区，压缩规划面积，初步遏制了违法乱批滥占耕地的势头。耕地占补平衡制度逐步完善。国家重点工程建设用地得到保障。 It is required to improve and rectify the land market order and reinforce the cultivated land protection. Various develo