Cliffs AP英语语言与写作

1、CllifsAP,English Language and Composition,Mentor: 王茜Joyce Wang(重庆史迪威外语学校),Frederick Douglass,Frederick Douglass (1818 1895) was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman.He is one of the19th century American abolitionist movement leaders. Frederick Douglass, a former slave and eminen

2、t human rights leader in the abolition movement, was the first black citizen to hold a high U.S. government rank.,Frederick Douglass escaped slavery in 1838 and used his talents as a writer and orator to fight for emancipation. Douglass edited an abolitionist newspaper, recruited black regiments dur

3、ing the Civil War, and advised President Lincoln. In 1863, Frederick Douglass enlists as a recruiting officer for an African American regiment in the Civil War. In the 1850s, Frederick Douglass allied with a passionate white Abolitionist named John Brown, who became a powerful symbol to Douglass for

4、 the violent overthrow of the slave system. After testifying firsthand to the brutality of slavery at an American Anti-Slavery Society meeting in Nantucket, Frederick Douglass became an overnight success in the Abolitionist arena of public speaking.,If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Tho

5、se who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning. (Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist, lecturer, author, 1817-1895) 没有斗争就没有进步。那些宣称自己热爱自由，却厌恶变革的人，恰如不愿耕地却渴望收获。他们想要甘霖，却拒绝雷电。(弗雷德里克道格拉斯，美国废奴

6、运动领袖、演说家、作家，1817-1895),saying,George Eliot,George Eliot (1819-1880) and Her Middlemarch,I. George Eliots life and career * Mary Ann Evans, born of a builders family; * early demonstration of superior intelligence; * religious as a girl but turning skeptical and freethinking in 1841 quarrels with her

7、 father; * anonymous publication of the translation,The characteristics of Eliots literary works,a particular concern for the destiny of women leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel Interest in the interior life of human beings, moral problems and strains Religion,

8、The Mill on the Floss,弗洛斯河上的磨坊 The Mill on the Floss,Her major works include : 教区生活场景(Scenes of Clervcal Life,1856-1858) 亚当比德(Adam Bede,1859) 撩起的面纱(The Lifted Veil,1859) 弗洛斯河上的磨坊(The Mill on the Floss,1860) 织工马南传(Silas Marner,1861) 罗慕拉(Romola,1862-1863) 雅各布哥哥(Brother Jacob,1864) 费利克斯霍尔特(Felix Holt ,

9、 the Radical,1866) 西班牙吉卜赛人(The Spanish Gypsy,1868) 米德尔马契(middlemarch,1872) 朱巴尔传奇诗集(The Legend of Jubal and Other Poems,1874) 丹尼尔德龙达(Daniel Deronda,1876) 西奥弗拉斯特斯萨奇的印象(The Impressions of Theophrastus Such,1879),弗洛斯河上的磨坊讲述的是玛吉和汤姆兄妹两人的故事。弗洛斯河旁圣奥格镇上磨坊主塔利弗因欠债而发生诉讼纠纷，败诉破产后其子女汤姆和玛吉的生活发生了重大的变化。汤姆不得不放弃受良好教育的机

10、会，出去为一家人的生计而拼命工作，而玛吉也一改以往任性的性格，操持起家务。经过几年的努力，聪明而勤奋的汤姆终于攒够了钱还清债务并买回了磨坊，但过于激动的父亲就此去世。破产后由于迁怒于对方律师威克姆，虽然玛吉对威克姆的儿子菲利普颇有好感，但汤姆不许妹妹和他接近，并迫使她离开磨坊。独自生活的玛吉不幸又与表妹的未婚夫相爱，在两人单独划船出游时被潮水带走而在外漂流过夜，汤姆得知后一气之下将妹妹赶出了家门。正当玛吉独自悔恨时，那夜洪水泛滥，磨坊被淹，玛吉一人驾船到磨坊营救汤姆，两人在危难之中和解。凶猛的洪水最终还是将兄妹俩吞没，但这对兄妹深深的手足之情不能不让人感动。,奥斯汀巅峰 勃朗特峭壁 艾略特山脉

11、 伍尔夫丘陵 - 肖尔瓦特（美）,Jane Austen,Jane Austens points of view,1） For all her unsparing exposure of serious social shortcomings, Jane Austen has fundamental conviction of the health of the social system, of its ability to reform itself, and of the assurance of social well-being and the likelihood of a rea

12、sonable personal happiness. Generally speaking, she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles. 2）Her works show an apparent preference for the kindness, honesty, frankness, responsibility, good manners and sound sense, which are typical of the country gentry c

13、lass. To her, the country gentle folk are much more reliable and decent than the urban trading people.,3）Although Jane Austen lived mainly in the 19th century, and her works were all published when British literature was dominated by Gothicism, Sentimentalism and Romanticism, she was really a writer

14、 of the earlier realist school. In age she belonged to 19th century, but in both moral outlook and prose style she was closer to the 18th century precedents than to her contemporaries. Her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the value of rationality and sen

15、se over that of sentimental, Gothic and romantic tendencies. As a serious writer, she considers it her duty to express in her works a discriminated and serious criticism of life, and to expose the follies and illusions of mankind.,4）He shows contemptuous feelings towards the silly, snobbish, stupid,

16、 worldly and vulgar through subtle satire and irony. 5）And in style, she is a neoclassicism advocator，upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, accuracy and gracefulness.,Special features of her works,Jane Austens main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beings

17、 with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love. She writes within a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the moral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial

18、or village life of the nineteenth century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life.,Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetrating analysis. She heeps the balance between fact and form as no other Eng

19、lish novelist has ever done. Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots of her novels appear natural and unforced. Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive. Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucid and

20、very economical.,Special features: Irony,Irony is a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are （1）verbal irony;（2）dramatic irony;（3）situational irony. Pride and Prejudice is a m

21、odel work of Jane Austens successful employment of irony. Irony plays a decisive part in characteration as well as in plot development. The verbal irony in the dialogues and the situational or dramatic irony here are especially note-worthy.,The ironies reveal the stupidity of Mrs.Bennet and Elizabet

22、hs derision of Darcys pride. And in terms of plot, the whole story seems to be composed of ironies. With a negative start on both sides, the love between Darcy and Elizabeth develops gradually. One ironical event leads to another where mutual repulsion is turned into mutual attraction, verbal quarre

23、ls turned into confessions, intended riddance turned into unexpected and nonetheless welcoming meetings, the proud turned into the humbled and the prejudiced turned into the repentant. The irony helps to bring the conscious criticism of the author to the reader and makes it fun to read the novel.,Th

24、e Bront Sisters,The Bront sisters,Charlotte Bront (18161855) Emily Bront (18181848) Anne Bront (18201849) They were all talented writers and all of them died young.,Charlotte Bront (18161855 ),Emily Bront (18181848),Anne Bront (18201849),Representative works,Emily: Wuthering Heights,呼啸山庄 Anne: Agnes

25、 Grey,安格尼斯格雷 The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall 王尔德费尔庄园的佃户,Charlottes Representative works,1) The Professor,教授 (based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death) 2) Jane Eyre,简爱 (masterpiece) p.295 (1) the criticism of the bourgeois system of education; the Lowood school; (2) the descrip

26、tion of the English country squire; (3) position of woman in society: equality,Charlottes Representative works,3) Shirley,舍丽 (p. 294. Para. 2.) dealing with the life of workers at the time of the Luddites movement (卢德运动, 17 c. machines, deprived, work, destroy) 4) Villette,维莱特, (p. 294. Para. 2.) a

27、realistic description of her sad experiences at a boarding school in Brussels.,III. Jane Eyre by charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticim ,gothicism and romanticism to create a distinctive Victorian

28、 novel.,Themes,Morality God and Religion Social class Gender relations Love and Passion Independence Atonement and Forgiveness Search for home and family,Famous Sentences,Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!-I have as much soul as

29、 you,-and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;-it is my spirit that ad

30、dresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at Gods feet, equal,-as we are!,Jane Eyre,The work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, especially the bourgeois system of edu

31、cation. At the same time , it is an intense moral fable. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve his final happiness.,1. Analyze the work,2. Jane Eyres character：,Jane Eyre， an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved， a poor，

32、plain， little governess who dares to love her master， a man superior to her in many ways， and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him， cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive， kind-hearted， noble-minded woman who pursues a gen

33、uine kind of love.,Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.,Charlotte Bronte

34、is a writer of Realism combined with Romanticism. Why is Jane Eyre by her a successful novel?,The story opens with the titular heroine, Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan. This novel sharply criticizes the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School whe

35、re poor girls are trained, the social discrimination Jane experiences and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage 3. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine Jane Eyre. 4 It is an intense moral fable at the same tim

36、e. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.,Jane Eyre: A Ground Breaking Novel,The heroine is small, plain, “moments of epiphany” (James Joyce) “moments of being” (Woolf) Woolfs works are a record of those moments in th

37、e lives of her characters.,To the Lighthouse,Sir Thomas More,Utopia,Thomas More (14781535),What do you know about More? 1. He was a prose writer in the English Renaissance. 2. He was one of the best representatives of the English humanists.,Mores Utopia 乌托邦 ,1. Mores masterpiece. 2. written in the f

38、orm of a conversation between a returned and experienced voyager, and More himself. Two parts: Utopia, Book One; Utopia, Book Two.,Mores Utopia乌托邦:,What is Utopia about? 1. A detailed description of the social condition of England. 2. A detailed presentation of an ideal communist society of Utopia,

39、a Greek word, with the meaning of “No Place”.,Utopia, Book One,What are the social conditions of England? The poverty among the poor; The greed and luxury among the rich; The suffering of the peasants for the enclosure movement,Utopia, Book One,So, _ was one of the first to see the relation between

40、_ and _ to understand the rich were becoming rich by _the poor. More points out that the root of poverty is the private _ of_.,More,wealth,poverty,“robbing”,ownership,social wealth,Utopia, Book Two, an ideal society,1. More provided us a sketch of an ideal commonwealth where property was held in com

41、mon and there was no poverty. 2. More showed a principle, “From everyone according to his capacities, to everyone according to his needs”.,Utopia, Book Two, an ideal society,3. More solved the problem of the separation of town and country by co-operation between them. 4. More emphasized the importan

42、ce of labor for every member of the Utopian society. And the Utopians spent their spare time in study of literature, art and science.,Mores Limitations 天外研究生入学考试试题,1. More had no revolutionary spirit. 2. In Mores works, the system of bondsmen(农奴) still retains the features of class exploitation. 3.

43、More could never find at that time the means to realize socialism.,Comments on Thomas More:,1. A great humanist and far-sighted thinker. 2. A learned scholar, an expert of Latin. 3. A forceful talker, a lover of music. 4. An honest statesman, a man of nobility. 5. A lover of nature and mankind. 6. A

44、 forerunner of socialist theory.,Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯培根(15611626),Comments on Bacon,1. a well-known lawyer, literary man and statesman; 2. the father of English material and experimental science; 3. the first English writer of a flexible, varied, precise prose.,Francis Bacon (15611626),Three kinds of

45、works: 1.philosophy: Advancement of Learning学术的推进;New Instrument新工具 2. professional: Maxims of the Law 法律格言 3. essays: Essays随笔培根论文集,His Representative,Essays 培根论文集,“Of Studies”“论学习”,“Of Wisdom”“论智慧”,“Of Death”,“Of Friendship”,“Of Travel”, etc.,Which is the most famous one?,Famous Sayings,1. Men fea

46、r death as children fear to go in the dark.(成人怕死就像小孩怕到黑暗的地方去一样。) 2. The remedy is worse than the disease.（医治不得法，不如不医治。喻在处理乱子时如果采取的措施不恰当，往往会使情况更糟糕。）,Famous Sayings ,3.Some books are to be tasted; others to be swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested. =Some books are to be read only in parts;

47、 others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly. 一些书可以品尝，另外一些书可以吞食，少数的一些书可以咀嚼、消化。,Famous Sayings,4. Reading makes a full man, conversation/conference a ready man, writing an exact man. 读书使人渊博，交谈/讨论使人敏捷，写作使人严谨。 5. A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.,Writing St

48、yle,Bacons essays have a literary style peculiar to their own. They are noted for their clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacons chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. Generally Speaking, Bacons literary style has three prominent qualities:

49、directness, terseness, and forcefulness.,F. Scott Fitzgerald,F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯司各特菲兹杰拉德 (1896-1940),Life Experiences (1),24 September 1896 Birth of Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald in St. Paul, Minnesota. October 1909 Publication of “The Mystery of the Raymond Mortgage”, his first appearance in pr

50、int. September 1913 Fitzgerald enters Princeton University February 1919 Fitzgerald discharged from army. Planning to marry Zelda Sayre.,Life Experiences (2),26 March 1920 Publication of This Side of Paradise. 3 April 1920 Marriage of Fitzgerald and Zelda Sayre. 10 April 1925 Publication of The Grea

51、t Gatsby. 21 December 1940 dies of heart attack.,Major Works,This Side of Paradise (1920) Flappers and Philosophers (1920) The Beautiful and Damned (1920) Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) The Great Gatsby (1925) Tender Is the Night (1934) The Last Tycoon (1941),This Side of Paradise (人间天堂1920),The Great

52、 Gatsby (1925),Writing style & theme,Fitzgeralds clear, lyrical, colorful, witty style evoked the emotions associated with time and place. The chief theme of Fitzgeralds work is aspiration of the idealism he regarded as defining American character. Another major theme was mutability or loss. As a so

53、cial historian Fitzgerald became identified with the Jazz Age: “It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire,” he wrote in Echoes of the Jazz Age.,Young Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, moves from the mid-west to New York to sell bond

54、s （作债券生意）. He takes a house in West Egg, Long Island, where he is soon involved in the lives of his neighbors. He encounters Daisy, his distant cousin, and soon learns that she and Tom Buchanan are not happily married.,An attractive young woman, Jordan Baker, becomes his friend. He also learns a lot

55、 about the owner of a magnificent mansion, Jay Gatsby, and hears some rumors about him. Nick becomes curious about the mysterious neighbor.,One day Nick is invited to one of Gatsbys extravagant parties, and there he meets Gatsby for the first time. Gatsby, in his early thirties, is eager to entertain his guests. Nick learns that Gatsby and Dais