B级 词汇语法

1、高等学校英语应用能力考试B级 词汇语法专项突破,一,二,三,四,五,六,词汇语法,听 力,翻 译,写 作,考试大纲,阅读理解,本部分主要测试考生对词汇和语法知识的运用能力，由section A 和section B两部分组成。 Section A为选择题，共10题，每题1分，共计10分，要求考生从每题的4个选项中选出一个正确的答案。 Section B为填空题，共5题，每题1分，共计5分，要求考生根据句子内容用括号中所给词的恰当形式填空。 测试时间为10分钟。,(一) 选择题 词汇选择题主要考察考生对词语的识别、 词义的辨析、动词词组和固定搭配短语 的掌握等。,一、词汇,词义辨析 词义辨析主要

2、测试考生的词汇知识以及运用所掌握的词汇解决具体问题的能力。历年的真题主要测试的是对动词、名词、形容词、副词以及介词等词义的辨析。这种题型主要考查词义相近或词形相近的词的辨析，有时也会出现四个完全不同的词的词义辨析。 做此类题时，考生要根据句子的上下文推理，弄清题意，分析选项，排除干扰，缩小选择范围，提高命中率。,Madam, dont _. I can help you look after your baby. A. mind B. care C. matter,D.wory,词语搭配 最为常见的词语搭配是动词词组，英语中有不少动词如：take, make, give, keep, come

3、, break, set等都有较强的搭配能力，主要测试以不同动词引出的短语或以某个动词为中心的短语。,Yesterday I _ my old friend, Xiao Li. And then we went to a coffee bar for a drink. B. came out C. came across D. came up,A. came about,(二) 填空题 词汇的填空题主要是根据括号里所给出的单词填写其合适的形式，主要考查词性变换。 对于此类题目，平时积累是关键，但对于句子意思和结构的把握也会对解题有很大帮助。 解题技巧:首先要读懂读透句意，了解句子结构，弄清缺少

4、什么成分，分清该填入动词还是名词、形容词或副词；有时也会出现词语的派生词。,词性转换 词性转换一般以填空题的形式出现。它是指同一词根派生出的名词、动词、形容词、副词的转换。 解题技巧是要读懂句意，了解句子结构，判断缺少什么成分。,名词的词缀 表示人：-ee, -er, -ian, -ist, -or 表示抽象名词：-acy, -age, -ance, -bility, -hood, -tion, -ment, -ness, -th 动词的词缀 -en, -ate, -ize, -ise, en-,形容词的词缀 前缀：in-, im-, il-, ir-, un-, dis-表示否定 后缀：-a

5、ble, -al, -ful, -ly, -ary, -ive 副词的后缀 -ly, -wise,Since the (publish) _ of the novel, over one million readers have read it.,publishment,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级 单音节词和少数双音节词加-er和-est分别构成比较级与最高级 其他词都在前面加more, most分别构成比较级与最高级,二、语法,语法结构主要测试考生对常用语法知识的应用能力。 常见语法点有：非谓语动词、从句、时态和语态、介词的搭配、倒装结构、虚拟语形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等 解题技巧：不

6、论是选择题还是填空题，考生首先要看懂句子的结构和意思，判断该题要测试的语法点，从而给出正确的答案。,1627,时态,2839,非谓语动词,4059,虚拟语气,6072,主谓一致,7379,倒装,8088,定语从句,89100,情态动词,语法,时态 1. 一般现在时 (1) 在时间和条件句中，从句通常用一般 现在时表示将来 e.g. We will go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow. I will call you as soon as I get home. 表示客观事实和真理的句子任何时候都 用一般现在时,2. 现在完成时 (1) 构成：have/

7、has done; 表示动作或状态延续到 说话时或到说话时已经完成 (2) 常用现在完成时的情况： It is (has been)+一段时间+since从句 e.g. It is/has been 3 years since I joined the Party., This (That/It) is the first (second) time that e.g. This is the first time that I have ever met her. This (That/It) is the only+that e.g. This (That/It) is the best/

8、finest/ most interesting+that,(3) go, come, arrive, reach, leave, return, get, die, buy, become, join, borrow, lend等瞬间动词不能和表示延续的时间状语for, since连用 3. 过去完成时 (1) 构成：had done; 表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。这是一个相对的时态，只有与过去时或过去某个动作相比较时才能用。,(2) 常用过去完成时的几种情况： by/until/before/since+过去某一时间 e.g. By the end of last yea

9、r, we had finished the project. The train had left before we reached the station., 表示未曾时间的愿望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hope/ planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted/ expected等+to have done. 表示“一就”的几个句型： Hardly/Scarcely had + 主语+done + when+一般过去时 No sooner had +主语+done + than+一般过去时 e.g. No sooner had we got

10、on the plane the plane took off., 在It was+最高级/序数词+that 结构的从句中， 使用过去完成时。 e.g. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 在宾语从句中，如果主句用过去时，从句中的 谓语动作发生在主句中的谓语动作之前，则从 句用过去完成时。 e.g. He told me that he had finished his work.,4. 将来完成时 (1) 构成：will/shall hav

11、e done; 表示将来某一时刻或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作。 (2) 常用将来完成时的情况： before/by +将来某一时间 e.g. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.,5. 时态呼应 在主从复合句中，主要是在宾语从句中，时态常受主句谓语动词时态的影响，从句的时态要做一些必要的调整，这种现象叫时态的呼应。 关于主、从句时态的呼应，应注意以下两点：,(1) 如果主句的谓

12、语动词是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以是各种时态。 (2) 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句应该用相应的过去时态，但如果从句表示的是真理、客观事实，则一律用现在时。,e.g. She asked me whether I had passed the final examination. She said she would have got everything ready by tomorrow. The teacher said that the sun rises from the east.,I hope they _ this road by the time we co

13、me back next summer. B. will repair D. will have repaired This is the first time I (see)_ such a terrible scene.,A. have repaired C. are to repair,have seen,非谓语动词,非谓语动词：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式。 一般来说非谓语动词有以下三种形式：不定式、动名词、分词,不定式 （1） 不定式本身也有时态和语态的变化 现在时表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时或在其后发生 进行时所表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时的，但强调时间的长度，表

14、示动作在一段时间内一直进行 完成时表示先谓语动词之前完成的动作或状态,（2） 在一些常见从此之后直接接动词不定式： afford, happen, want, agree, promise, wish, ask, demand, decide, dare, learn, fail, pretend, offer, mean等。 在一些结构中动词不定式省略“to”：would rather, had better, cannotbut, can not help but, do nothing but, let alone, why not等,在hear, feel, see, notice,

15、watch, make, let, have 等词后，动词不定式做宾语补足语不带“to”。 但这种句子变为被动语态时，“to”必须还原。,2. 动名词 动名词既可以起形容词的作用也可以起名词的作用。它有自己的逻辑主语。常见的动词后接动名词的有：postpone, keep on, deny, practice, give up, enjoy, insist on, mind, need, object to, look forward to, be worth, its no use, spend time/money (in), be busy in, waste time in等,有些动词

16、后既可接动词不定式也可接动名词但意思不同 remember, forget, try, stop, regret, go on, mean, need/want, like/hate/dislike,3. 分词 分词有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词 (1) 现在分析和过去分词的区别：一般来说，现在分词表示主动和进行的意义；过去分词表示被动和完成的意义,（2） 不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致 e.g. Looking at the sky, it made Tom feel so relaxed. Looking at the sky, Tom felt so r

17、elaxed.,(3) 分词的独立主格结构：形式通常为“名词/代词+分词短语”，也可以用“with/without +名词（或代词的宾语）+分词”的结构，作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，表示原因、时间、条件或伴随状态 e.g. The teacher came in, his face covered with smile. The bus coming in, I rushed to the front row With him helping me, I felt lucky.,1. When I called her on the phone, she pretended (not kn

18、ow) _ me. 2. That man told the police that he had seen the thief _. A.get on a car and drive off B.getting on a car and drove off C.get on a car and drove off D.to get on a car and drive off,not to know,3. Your bedroom needs _. B. being cleaned C. clean D. cleaning 4. I forgot _ it to you. Now here

19、it is. B. to give C. gave D. have given,A.to clean,A.giving,5. One of my foreign friends is looking forward to _ my country. B. visiting C. having visited D. be visiting,A. visit,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是用来表示主观愿望和假设的情况，它所表示的动作或状态并不是客观存在的事实或者说是正好与事实相反的假设。,（1）条件从句的虚拟语气其句型结构为：,e.g. 与现在事实相反：If I had enough money, I wo

20、uld buy a book. 与过去事实相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book. 将来不太可能发生的事： If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book.,(2) 用于would rather/ would sooner/ would just as soon/ would prefer之后的宾语从句中，其句型结构为： 对现在和将来的虚拟：would rather, etc.+主语+did e.g. I would rather you didnt speak ru

21、dely to her., 对过去的虚拟: would rather, etc. +主语+had done e.g. I would rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her.,(3) wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 无论wish为何种时态，后面从句均用虚拟 与过去事实相反：had+done/could have done 与现在事实相反: were/did 将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望: would/could/might do,（4）用于suggest, propose, advise, command, insist, order, decide,

22、recommend, desire, ask, require, prefer等表示命令、建议、要 求和愿望等的宾语从句中，其从句的谓语动 词为(should) do,(5) 用于It is/was+adj/v-ed.+that的主语从句中， 其从句的谓语动词为( should) do 这类形容词有：better, important, proper, necessary, urgent, desirable, advisable, etc 分词有：suggested, proposed, ordered, desired, recommended, demanded, requested,

23、required等,(6) 用于command, order, demand, desire, importance, necessity, decision, advice, proposal, suggestion, motion, request, recommendation, requirement, 等名词有 关表语从句及同位语从句中要用虚拟语气， 谓语动词用(should) do,（7） 虚拟语气的特殊用法 If only 用于简单句中，其句型为： 表示现在没有实现的愿望: If only+主语+did e.g. If only I were taller. 表示过去没有实现的愿

24、望: If only+主语+had done e.g. If only he had followed your advice., 假设的情况通过介词短语或其他表达方法，常用词有: without, but for, otherwise, except for, etc e.g. Without his help, I would not have passed the exam. 有in case, lest, for fear that 引导的从句，其从句的句型为：主语+should do e.g. He took his umbrella in case it should rain.,

25、 在It is (high) time (that) 句中that从句必须用过去时 e.g. It is (high) time you went to bed.,1. The committee members propose that the plan _postponed for a few days. B. been C. to be D. be,A. being,2. If I knew English, I _ understand this story. Would have been able to Would be able to Should have been able

26、to Shall be able to,3. I would rather that you _ me the truth that day. had told have told told tell,4. He suggested that we _ to see a movie. would go should go went have gone,5. Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or other. is settled was settled be settled has been settled,6. It is high

27、time we _ the problem between us. should solve solve solved have solved,7. The train has already left. If only you_ a little earlier. have come came come had come,8. If the cold winter should finish tomorrow, I _ very happy. shall be would be will be can be,主谓一致,主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致；意义一致；就近原则 1. 谓语动词用单

28、数的情况 (1) 当名词词组中心词是表示数量、时间等的复数名词短语做主语时 (2) 当主语由“a portion of/a series of/ a kind of”等，+名词构成时,(3) 当主语由more than one 或many a构成时 (4) 在eachand each, everyand every等结构之后,2. 谓语动词用复数的情况 (1) 由both或both and 连接两个名词词组做主语，但如果and连接的两个主语指的是同一个人或物，或指的是同一概念时谓语动词用单数，此结构的特征是and后的名词前五官次及其他修饰语,(2) 在“one of+复数名词+who/whic

29、h/that”引导的从句中 (3) 由a number of, a variety of, a group of, a lot of等修饰的复数名词做主语,其他情况 （1） 名词中心词是all, plenty, most, half, part, none, the rest, lots, 分数、百分数+of+单数名词、不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数 若of+复数名词时，谓语动词一般用复数形式 如果没法确定，看后面的表语,(2) 由not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor或or连接的并列主语及there/here be结构，采用就近原则，谓语动词由其最近的

30、名词的形式决定。 (3) 在“one of +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，若在one之前有the only等限定词和修饰语时谓语动词用单数；若没有谓语动词用复数。,(4) 集合名词作主语时，若其含义为一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若其含义为构成该整体的各个成员，则谓语动词用复数。常用的集体名词有：club, committee, crew, family, group, staff, team, class等 (5) 当people, police, cattle, dozen, few, both, many, several等词或由两部分组成的物体的名称如spectacles, trouser

31、s, shoes等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式,(6) 在there be存在句中，根据be 后的第一个主语的单复数而确定谓语的单复数。但如果主语是几个并列的单数名词时，则谓语用复数 (7) 动词不定式、动名词、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数 (8) 当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决于主语的形式,1. Two days _ a short tim

32、e for us to finish the job. is are will be has been,2. In America, many a university student _ from China. come came comes have come,3. This is one of the rooms that _damaged. A.is B.was C.were D.had been,4. A number of people _killed in the earthquake. A. has been B. were C. is D. was,5. Either my

33、parents or my younger brother _ at home now. are is be was,倒装,为了表达上的需要，有时特意颠倒句子成分或分句的一般次序，把句子的一般次序变为特殊次序的修辞手法。 运用倒装手法，可以加强语势，调和音节，错综句法。,1. 全部倒装 即完全倒装，主语和谓语交换位置 当句首状语为地点、方向、时间的副词时，如：here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away等，谓语动词是come, go, fly, jump, rush等表示位置移动的动作动词。 当主语是代词时，不用倒装,e.g. The door

34、 opened and in came the teacher. /in he came. Up and up went the price. （2）当句首为介词短语作状语，主语是名词时， 采用全部倒装。 e.g. In this chapter will be found a partial answer.,2. 部分倒装 将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did, 并将其置于主语之前。,常用部分倒装的情况： (1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如：no, not, never, seldom, little, h

35、ardly, at no time 及no-构成的词和词组(not until, in no way, on no account等短语）， 需要注意隐形否定词seldom, few, little, hardly, scarcely等在句首要部分倒装。 (2) 当neither或nor表示 “也不”， so 表示“也”时， 它们引导的句子需要部分倒装。 (3) only+状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装。,(4) 在so/suchthat句型中，若表示强调，可把so/such及它所修饰的词(形容词、副词、名词）提到句首 e.g. So loudly did he speak that eve

36、n people in the next room could hear him. Such an interesting book is this that everyone wants to read it.,(5) 表示虚拟语气的条件状语从句中，如省略连词if, 该句需要用部分倒装，即把助动词were, had, should提到句首。 Not until he was ill, _ what good health meant. he realized did he realize he didnt realize he realizes,定语从句,在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句

37、叫定语从句 (1) 关系代词只能用that的情况 先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, something, nothing 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级，或由every, any, some, no, any, very, much, only等修饰, 两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词，只能用that做关系代词 先行词做表语时，只能用that做关系代词 若主句是以who或者which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that做关系代词,(2) 关系代词只能用which的情况 在非限制性定语从句中，指物或指前面整个 句子的意思时，用which 介词后指物只能用which,（

38、3） 先行词是人称代词或人时，关系代词用 who或whom （4） 从句中出现as, the same, so, such时， 常用as作为关系代词，即可指人也可指物,1. The police asked the villagers if it was the place _ they found the lost child. which what that where,2. I like everything _ he gave me. which that what who,3. There are a lot of different persons and things _ we

39、will meet. that who what which,4. She didnt pass the exam, _annoyed her father. what that which who,5. This is the library in _ I lost my ID card. what where that which,情态动词,情态动词是用来表示能力、可能性、许诺、劝告、意愿、必须等概念 常用的情态动词有：can/could, may/might, must, need, should/ought to, etc 历年考题的考试重点一般为：“情态动词+不带to的不定式”的特殊

40、意义与用法 从历年的考试来看，情态动词的测试重点为完成时，即：情态动词+have+动词的过去分词,1. can/could+不带to的不定式 can用于疑问句或否定句。常译为“不可能”、“决不会” can/could+have done, 表示对过去行为的推测及过去能做而未做的事。 cant +have done表示对过去发生的事情进行推测,2. may/might+不带to的不定式 may比might的语气更委婉，译为“可能会发生”、“也许”等，may/might+have done, 表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能已经，或者对本来也许发生而实际并未发生的事情表示“感叹”或“遗憾”，并含有

41、“劝告”、“责备”的语气。 may的否定式用mustnt,3. must+不带to的不定式 只用于肯定句，也表示对过去的一种推测，但是程度要比may/might的语气肯定得多，常用于must+have done句型中，表示对过去发生的事情进行推测，常译为“一定”、“肯定是” 否定是cant 用在疑问句中译为“必须吗?”,其否定回答用neednt, 因为mustnt 是“禁止”的意思,4. should/ought to +不带to的不定式 should/ought to +have done有责备意味，表示该做的事情没做，一般译为“本该” shouldnt /oughtnt to + have

42、 done 表示不该做的事情做了,5. neednt +不带to的不定式 need在肯定句中是实义动词“需要”的意思，只有在否定句中才是情态动词，neednt +have done, 表示做了不必做的事 didnt need to do 表示没有必要做，实际上也没有做,6. 情态动词的习惯用法 can not but+V(不得不，不能不） can do nothing but +V cannot help+V-ing cannot help but + V(忍不住） may/might as well +V（还是的好) cannot/can never too +adj(越越好，无论如何也不过

43、分),1. You _ me before, because this is my first time to come here. cant see mustnt see cant have been mustnt have been,2. It _ last night, the ground is so wet. may rain could rain must have rained could have rained,3. She hasnt been around for a long time, she _ have something wrong. must should ca

44、n ought to,4. - “Must we hand in our term papers this week?” -“No, you _.” wont cant mustnt neednt,5. I am going to attend the conference, but you _ with me. neednt to go dont need go neednt go neednt going,真题实练,Mary found _ extremely difficult to pass the examination. It this that what,It was in Ch

45、ina _ the agreement was signed. what which where that,It was in that small village _ our president was born. which when that as,Mary said this is the _ decision she has ever made in her career life. bad worst worse badly,If I work in a small factory, it is not _ for me to gain such experience. weekl

46、y friendly likely lively,It is reported that this medicine is _ against lung cancer. economic easy experience effective,It will only take me a minute to get your watch fixed; it will be ready _ by the way right away at last in that case,The policeman stopped the driver and found that he _ alcohol. d

47、rinks has drunk is drinking had drunk,We wont be able to leave the office until the rain _. will stop stops stopped is stopping,Most of the machines in the workshop _ next month. are repaired have been repaired were repaired will be repaired,Seldom _ my boss in such good mood since I came into work

48、in this company. I saw I have seen have I seen do I see,If you _ smoking and drinking, your health will improve soon. gave up give up had given up will give up,I cant find the key to my office. I _ have lost it on my way home. would should must ought to,As far as Im concerned, I dont like _ in that

49、way. to be treated to treat treated treating,She tried hard, but she still couldnt make us _ our mind. to change changed change changing,The new film is worth (see) _ for the second time. 答案：seeing,(work)_ as a team, the foreign and Chinese engineers cooperated closely and successfully. 答案：working,T

50、he railway station was crowded with people (say) _ goodbye to their friends and relatives. 答案：saying,I asked him not (say) _ anything about our contract until the end of the month. 答案：to say,(see) _from the top of the hill, the village is very beautiful. 答案：seen,Mark was a little upset, for the mana

51、ger didnt allow him (take) _ his holiday the following week. 答案：to take,Some American businessmen in China are spending a lot of time in (learn) _ Chinese. 答案：learning,While _ in London, the young engineer picked up some English. staying stay stayed to stay,More and more trucks are seen _ between th

52、ese two towns these days. run to run be running being run,Youd better _ the whole article at once. copy copying to copy copied,_ writing a letter to the manager, he decided to talk to him in person. Instead of Because of As for Due to,Lisa was busy taking notes _ Mark was searching the Internet for

53、the information. until unless while If,Few people _ applied for the position meet the requirements of the company. whom who what whose,We all think that John is the only candidate _ will get the job. whom whose who whose,The fact _ Mary was late for the meeting again made me angry. that why what whi

54、ch,_ is quite difficult for Mary to pass the interview. What This That It,We were talking about the American tourist _ we met during our trip to the Great Wall. whom which whose what,The machine will continue to make much noise _ we have it repaired. when because if unless,The old man has two daught

55、ers, _ are doctors. both of them both of whom both who they both,It makes no difference to me _ Mr. Smith will come or not. when whether that how,He bought an expensive coat _ he had no job. although since unless till,The manager required that all the employees _ at the office before 9:00 in the mor

56、ning. will arrive arrive arrived have arrived,I didnt go with them to the beach yesterday. But I do wish I _ there. have been had been was am,If the team members hadnt helped me, I (fail) _ in last experiment. 答案：would have failed,I suggested that he (call) _ on the director a week later. 答案：call/should call,The chairman required that every speaker (limit) _ himself to fifteen minutes. 答案：limit/should limit,If I (not drink) _ so much coffee yesterday afternoon, I would have been able to sleep well last night. 答案：had not drunk,When Jenny came to Britain, she