科普文章的撰写.ppt

1、How to Write a Scientific Paper如何撰写科普文章,More reasons to publish更多发表原因,Ethical obligation to subjects 对于研究对象的道义责任 Ethical obligation to society 对于社会的道义责任 To have the greatest public health impact 具备最大的公共卫生影响 To really understand your topic 完全理解主题 Academic capacity-building 学术能力培养 Future grant applica

2、tions 未来应用广泛 “Publish or perish” “发表或消亡” “Currency” of research 研究的“流通性”,Publications: The Currency of Academic Research发布：学术研究的流通性,In any country: The “MPU” 在任何国家： MPU,First Step: Where are you going?第一步：写作目的,The “MPU”: Minimal Publishable Unit “MPU”：最小发表单位 The best papers are based on a single mai

3、n finding 最好的科普文章均围绕单个主要研究发现撰写 Avoid saying everything, too much, too dense - other papers for other findings 避免论述对象无所不包、篇幅过多过密 - 其他研究发现应另文撰述 Easier to write if focused on 1 finding 如果仅关注一个研究发现，则更容易撰写文章 Build the paper around the “elevator test” 围绕“电梯测试”撰写文章,The best papers center on a single most i

4、mportant finding 最好的科普文章围绕最重要的单个研究发现撰写,The “Elevator Test”: “电梯测试”： You get into the elevator with your boss. She asks:“What did you find in that research study you did?” 你和老板一同进电梯，她问道：“你的研究有何发现”？ You have one minute before she gets off on her floor. 在她走出电梯前，你有一分钟的时间回答提问。 Explain the single most imp

5、ortant finding of your study in one minute. 利用这一分钟阐述最重要的单个研究发现。,The best papers center on a single most important finding 最好的科普文章围绕最重要的单个研究发现撰写,The “Elevator Test”: “电梯测试”： Yeah, it was really cool! 哇，这真的太棒了！ We did a survey of HBV prevalence among IDU entering jails in Tehran, Iran. 我们对伊朗德黑兰 (Tehra

6、n) 戒毒所内收押人员进行了乙肝病毒感染率调查。 Chronic HBV infection was 6%, and 0% were vaccinated. 慢性乙肝病毒 (HBV) 感染率为 6，乙肝病毒疫苗接种率为 0。 Iran will need to introduce special campaigns to vaccinate this group starting with jails. 伊朗需要开展专门的疫苗接种行动，为吸毒者接种乙肝病毒疫苗 - 从监狱开始。,The best papers center on a single most important finding最

7、好的科普文章围绕最重要的单个研究发现撰写,The “elevator test” “电梯测试” The “SOCO” Single Overriding Communication Objective “SOCO” - 单一最主要沟通对象 The newspaper headline 报刊头条新闻 Your main hypothesis supported or refuted 被支持或反驳的主要假设 The paper leads the reader to how you got to this main conclusion 文章要引导读者得知你是如何得出该主要结论的,Order of

8、 Paper文章内容编排,Abstract 摘要 Introduction 引言 Methods 研究方法 Results 研究结果 Discussion 讨论 References 参考文献 Tables and figures 图表,Order of Writing文章内容编排 (Willis Way) (Willi 的编排方式),Tables and figures 图表 Results 研究结果 Discussion 讨论 Introduction 引言 Methods 研究方法 Abstract 摘要 References 参考文献,Order of Writing文章内容编排,Ta

9、bles and Figures: 图表： Have the results in front of you before you start to write 得出研究结果后再开始写作 Identify the single most important finding 确定最重要的单个研究发现 Show the data that get you there 公布让你得出此结论利用的数据 Think 4 parts: 思考如何妥善编排以下四项内容： 3 Tables, 1 Figure (usually enough) 3 个表格、1 个图解（通常足够） Or, 4 Tables 或 4

10、个表格,Order of Writing文章内容编排,Results: 研究结果： Think 4 parts: 思考如何妥善编排 4 个图表： Express in words the important findings of the Tables and Figure 用文字阐述表格和图解包含的重要研究发现 Subject description: recruitment, eligibility, univariate, main outcome 研究对象说明：招募、资格、单变量、主要研究结果 Bivariate: associations with main outcome 双变量：

11、与主要研究结果的联系 Multivariate: strengthen hypothesis testing 多变量：强化假设检验 Sub-analyses, secondary aims 子目分析、次要目标,Order of Writing文章内容编排,3. Discussion, 4 parts: 讨论四项内容： Answer the question. First present the single main finding quickly and clearly stated 回答问题.首先迅速明确地表述单个主要研究发现 Relevant other findings 其他相关研究发

12、现 Limitations of the study 研究局限 Public health implications 公共卫生意义,Order of Writing文章内容编排,4. Introduction 引言 Now ask the question that you already answered! 现在就你已回答的问题提问！ Think 4 parts: 考虑以下四个问题： General issue 一般问题 Specific issue (related to your single main finding) 特定问题（与单个主要研究发现有关） Gap: What was m

13、issing in the world 不足之处：有哪些遗漏 What you did to fill gap 如何弥补不足之处,Order of Writing文章内容编排,5. Methods 研究方法 Matches how you got the results阐述你如何得出研究结果 No more, 不能多， No less.不能少。 Not a protocol并非草案,Order of Writing文章内容编排,6. Abstract 摘要 Write after you complete the other sections完成其他部分后再开始编写 Falls into pl

14、ace by lifting and paraphrasing a few sentences from each section每部分摘取几句内容进行释义，确保文章有条不紊 Usually different from conference abstract通常不同于会议摘要,Order of Writing文章内容编排,7. References 参考文献 Do along the way, but dont spend too much time边撰写正文边完成，但无需花费太多时间 Leave place holders and find reference later留注补位数字供以后

15、查找参考文献 Dont let this be an excuse to put off writing不要让参考文献成为推迟写作的借口,Tables and Figures表格与图解,Figure 1: Setting truck drivers sampled at a major cross-roads of Brazil 图 1：背景：巴西一个主要交通十字路口卡车司机抽样调查,Table 1: Subjects demographic and occupational variables 表 1： 研究主题 - 人口与职业变量,Table 2: HIV risk behavior 表

16、2：可能感染艾滋病病毒的危险行为,Table 3: Multivariate predictors of risk behavior 表 3： 危险行为多变量预测因子,Results研究结果,General Recommendations for Results针对研究结果的一般建议,Follow the sequence of Tables and Figures遵循图表的顺序 State in words the most interesting findings in table (not everything)利用文字阐述表格包含的最有趣的研究发现（不是每个研究发现） Not all

17、numbers, just main outcomes, most important, most interesting, unexpected只需阐述主要结果，要求最重要、最有趣、意外得出，而不是所有数字 Use sub-headings if complex如果内容繁多，则可使用副标题 Think 4 paragraphs考虑如何用 4 段文字阐释研究结果,Results in Four Paragraphs分四段阐释研究结果,Describe study population, eligible and enrolled, key demographic variables, prim

18、ary outcome (Table 1, univariate, prevalence by variables; Figure 1 setting)说明研究人口、有资格和注册的人口、关键人口统计变量、主要研究成果（表 1，单变量，通过变量得出的患病率；图 1 - 设置） Primary hypotheses, what is associated with the main outcome (bivariate, Table 2)主要假设，与主要研究成果关联的是什么（双变量，表 2） Multivariate analysis (confounding factors, interacti

19、ons, Table 3)多变量分析（混淆因素、相互关系，表 3） Stratification, subanalyses, examination of biases, corroborative analyses, secondary objectives (Table 4, Figure 1 trend over time)分层、子目分析、偏差检查、佐证分析、次要目标（表 4，图 1 岁时间变化的趋势）,Results Paragraph 1: 研究结果阐释 第一段：Recruitment, Eligibility招募、资格,Example: 范例： “A total of 246,71

20、5 clients age 15 years or older had their first HIV test at the 4 VCT centers from January 1992 to December 2000. We excluded 44,974 who reported illness as a reason for testing to avoid selection bias. The proportions of clients excluded due to illness were similar across sites: 15% Kampala; 17% Ji

21、nja; 25% Mbarara; and 20% Mbale.” “总共 246,715 名 15 岁以上的患者于 1992 年 1 月至 2000 年 12 月在 4 个自愿咨询检测中心首次进行艾滋病病毒检测。为了检测需要，我们排除了 44,974 名声称患病之人，以避免选择偏差。以下地点因疾病原因被排除在外的患者比例类似：15% Kampala、17% Jinja、25% Mbarara 以及 20% Mbale。,Results Paragraph 1: Describe Key Variables研究结果阐释第一段：关键变量说明,Univariate results (Table 1

22、)单变量结果（表 1） Focus written text on main findings重点着墨于主要研究发现 Relevant demographic characteristics相关的人口统计特征 Interestingly high or low levels of variables较高或较低水平的变量 A few unexpected findings, maybe少数意外得出的研究发现 Main outcome主要研究成果,Results Paragraph 1: Describe Key Variables and Primary Outcome研究结果阐释 - 第一段：

23、关键变量与主要研究结果说明,Examples: 范例：“The majority of participants were under 25 years old (72%), male (52%), and had less than secondary education (67%). (Table 1).“大多数参与者的年龄低于 25 岁（72），男性占多数（52），中等教育水平人群占多数（67）.（表 1）。 Overall, prevalence of HIV infection was 7.1%. No HIV infections were detected among adole

24、scents age 15 to 19 years.”总体来说，艾滋病感染率为 7.1。15 岁至 19 岁的青少年均未检测出艾滋病。”,Results Paragraph 2: Associations with Outcome研究结果阐释 - 第二段：研究结果关联因素,Bivariate associations with main outcome (Table 2)与主要研究成果关联的双变量 Focus written text on significant findings重点着墨于重大研究发现 Statistically significant统计重大研究结果 Clinically

25、significant临床重大研究结果 Unexpectedly not associated意外的无关联的研究结果 Some say include all tested, maybe有些论述可能包括所有检测结果 But: No interpretations, no comparisons to other studies.但是：无需对其他研究进行说明，无需与其他研究进行对比。 Just the facts, maam只需陈述事实,Results Paragraph 2: Main Associations with Primary Outcome研究结果阐释第二段：主要研究结果关联因素,

26、Example: 范例： “In bivariate analysis (Table 2), HIV seropositivity was associated with age 25 44 years, female gender.” “双变量分析（表 2）表明，艾滋病病毒检测血清状态呈阳性的全部为 25 岁至 44 岁的女性.” “Over time, prevalence of HIV infection declined from 23% in 1998 to 13% in 2003, with a decreasse from 17% to 9% among men (P 0.001

27、) and from 31% to 17% among women (P 0.001) (Table 2).” “1998 年至 2003 年，艾滋病毒感染率从 23 降至 13 ，男性艾滋病病毒感染率从 17 降至 9 (P 0.001) ，女性艾滋病病毒感染率从 31% 降至 17% (P 0.001) (表 2).”,Results Paragraph 3: Multivariate Analysis研究结果阐释 第三段：多变量分析,Independent associations with main outcome (Table 3)与主要研究结果关联的独立因素（表 3） Confir

28、m or refute main hypothesis支持或反驳主要假设 Ruling out confounders排除混淆因素,Results Paragraph 3: Multivariate Analysis研究结果阐释第三段：多变量分析,Example: 范例： In multivariate analysis (Table 3), independent predictors of truckers having unprotected sex with non-wife partners while on the road were using the stimulant “ar

29、ribite” within the calendar year (Adjusted odds ratio AOR 4.7, 95% CI 1.2 18.0), not professing a religious affiliation (AOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.9 19.8), and being separated or divorced (AOR 5.1, 95% CI 1.3 20.4). 多变量分析（表 3），一年中与妻子以外的性伴侣进行未采取保护措施的性交并在行车途中使用兴奋剂 “arribite” 的卡车司机的独立预测因子（调整后的优势率 AOR 4.7, 95%

30、CI 1.2 18.0），未公开声明宗教信仰（ AOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.9 19.8），分居或离婚（ AOR 5.1, 95% CI 1.3 20.4）。,Results Paragraph 4: Sub-Analyses研究结果阐释 第四段：子目分析,Stratified analyses (Table 4)分层分析（表 4） Special sub-population特定细分人口 Ruling out biases, direction of biases消除偏差、偏差方向 Secondary aims 次要目标 If dont stand alone in a separa

31、te paper如果并非单独存在于某篇独立的文章中,Additional Tips for Results 阐释研究结果的其他秘诀,Dont mix Methods into Results研究方法不得混入研究结果 If you conduct a new analysis or sub-analysis, add into Methods如果重新进行分析或子目分析，则增加研究方法 Dont mix Discussion into Results讨论内容不得混入研究结果 No interpretation无需解释 (Also, dont introduce Results into Discu

32、ssion, go back)（同样，研究结果也不得混入讨论内容） No references无需参考文献 OK to be very, very short简短即可 Double check numbers, do they add up?仔细核查数字，数字是否累加总计？,Discussion讨论,The Discussion Section讨论部分,Highlights the public health impact of your study突出研究对公共卫生的影响 The most interpretative part解释性最强的部分 The most creative part最

33、富创意的部分 The most prone to writers block最容易成为作者阻碍的部分 Simplified template: 简化模板： Think of the Discussion as 4 paragraphs考虑如何用 4 段文字叙述讨论内容,Template for Discussion讨论模板,Mission accomplished!任务完成！ The single most important finding最重要的单个研究发现 Not only that不仅 Secondary findings次要研究发现 Mea culpa过失 Limitations局限

34、 But, redemption!但必须补救！ KumbayaKumbaya Public health implications公共卫生意义,Mission Accomplished!任务完成,The “elevator test”, newspaper headline, SOCO, main hypothesis“电梯测试”、报刊头条新闻、 SOCO、主要假设 The first sentence of Discussion讨论的开场白 “We found”“我们发现” State the single most important finding as succinctly and a

35、ccurately as possible尽可能简洁准确地陈述最重要的研究发现 Expand the single sentence into a paragraph将一句扩展成一段 Put your best case forward拿出最佳案例 Corroborative evidence within your study你的研究中的确凿证据 Corroborative evidence from others studies其他研究中的确凿证据 Be as certain as you possibly can be尽可能保证确定性,“Mission Accomplished!”“任务

36、完成”,Oops, try again 哎呀，再来一次,Examples of “Mission Accomplished!” Sentence“任务完成”句例,“The overall prevalence of HIV infection among women participating in ANC surveys decreased between 2000 and 2004 in Zimbabwe.” “2000 年至 2004 年津巴布韦 (Zimbabwe) 参加嗜中性细胞绝对计数（ANC）调查的女性的艾滋病病毒总体感染率逐年下降。”,Expand the “Mission A

37、ccomplished!” Sentence“任务完成！”句扩展,“This decline was seen in all age groups, in all provinces, in all locations. “所有年龄段、所有省份以及所有地点的艾滋病病毒感染率均出现了下降。 Three local research studies also found declines in HIV prevalence during the same period.” 当地机构同期做的三次研究也发现，艾滋病病毒感染率出现下降。”,Expand the “Mission Accomplished

38、!” Sentence“任务完成”句扩展,“The decline is similar in magnitude to that experienced by Uganda. “乌干达 (Uganda) 的艾滋病病毒感染率也大幅下降。 The trend is corroborated by changes in reported sexual behavior.” 报告显示的性行为改变证实了该下降趋势。”,Not only that不仅,Relax, now that main point is made既然已得要点，请放松 “We also found”“我们还发现” Three add

39、itional findings (maybe more)其他三个研究发现 （或许更多） Sub-group findings:子组研究发现： Men vs. women男性与女性的对比 Young vs. old年轻人与老年人的对比 Secondary questions次要问题 Unexpected findings意外的研究发现 Contradict other studies反驳其他研究 Contradict conventional wisdom反驳传统观点,Examples of “Not only that” Sentences“不仅”句例,“VCT data may help

40、surveillance systems to overcome major limitations of ANC data.” “自愿咨询检测数据可能有助于对系统进行监控，克服嗜中性细胞绝对计数数据的重大局限性。” “VCT data can also be used for program monitoring purposes.” “自愿咨询检测数据也可用于项目监测目的。”,Mea Culpa过失,“We recognize limitations of our study”“我们认识到自身研究的局限性” Confess, come clean完成承认 No study is witho

41、ut potential bias所有研究都有可能存在偏差 No study is perfectly executed所有研究都不可能完美进行 No study is definitive所有研究都是绝对正确的 Head off criticism防止批评指责 Redemption补救措施,Mea Culpa过失,Start with single biggest threat to internal validity从内部有效性的最大威胁开始叙述 Explain (if you can):解释（如果可能）： Likely size of this bias可能的偏差幅度 Likely di

42、rection of this bias可能的偏差方向 Proceed to next most important, and so on继续下一个最重要的项目,Example of “Mea Culpa” Sentences“过失”句例,“Our findings are subject to several limitations. “我们的研究发现存在诸多局限。 First, VCT clientele may not be representative of the general Ugandan population.” 首先，自愿咨询检测患者无法代表乌干达一般人群。”,Mea Cu

43、lpa过失,Address common problems and biases only if they are a particular concern in your study:解决普通问题与偏差，即使你在研究中特别关注它们： External validity, representativeness外部有效性、代表性 Self-reported behavior自发报告的行为 Sample size, power样本大小、影响力 Incomplete responses, data quality不完整的答复、数据质量 Causality in cross-sectional stu

44、dy交叉部分研究的因果关系 Unmeasured and unknown confounders无法衡量的未知的混淆因素 Not enough money资金不足,Mea Culpa and Redemption!过失与补救措施！,Mea Culpa and Redemption!过失与补救措施！,How you did your best to address the bias in the design and analysis你如何尽力解决设计与分析的偏差 Analyses or other evidence that bias is not likely to change prima

45、ry conclusion不会因分析或其他证据的偏差而改变主要结论 Not! “Other studies are worse”不！“其他研究更糟” But, may include how we avoided biases of other studies但是，可能包括我们避免其他研究出现偏差的方法,Examples of “Mea Culpa” Sentences (with Redemption)“过失”句例（附补救措施）,“Second, our data were drawn from only 4 major towns in Uganda and do not represen

46、t the whole country. “其次，我们的数据仅来自于乌干达 4 个主要城镇，不能代表乌干达整个国家。 However, the fact that our data were comparable with national ANC data suggests that our major findings of declining prevalence are not likely to have been affected significantly by such differences.” 但事实上，我们将自己的数据与该国嗜中性细胞绝对计数数据进行了对比，结果显示，两者

47、的差异不太可能严重影响我们得出的感染率下降的研究发现。”,Kumbaya,Kumbaya,Dont end negatively!不能以负面陈述结尾！ Human nature likes to be positive人类天生喜欢积极正面的事物 Science is incremental improvement科学意味着逐步进步 Big picture, way forward重点，奋勇直前 Public health implications公共卫生意义 Clinical practice implications临床实践意义 Setting the future research age

48、nda (be specific)设定未来研究日程（必须具体） Segue from Mea Culpa “Despite these potential limitations” 从过失中吸取教训并继续前进，“尽管存在这些潜在的局限”,Examples of “Kumbaya” Sentences “Kumbaya” 句例,The Iranian and US CDCs agree that HIV prevention services be made available to inmates of correctional facilities, including voluntary

49、HIV counseling and testing upon entry into prison, before release, and during incarceration. Such programs provide potentially great benefit to inmates and to wider society. Harm reduction programs within jails, such as NEP, are more controversial but may provide benefits to inmates and society by p

50、reventing a substantial number of infections. In the Iranian context, arrested opium smokers may be mixing the first time with injectors who have a high prevalence of HIV coming into jail. Therefore, the question arises whether the mandatory detention for detoxification is causing more harm than goo

51、d. 伊朗与美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 均同意向惩教机构内的囚犯提供艾滋病预防服务，其中包括刚入狱、释放前以及监禁期间自愿进行艾滋病毒病毒咨询与检测的人员。此计划可为犯人与广大社会带来巨大的潜在利益。如 NEP 等监狱减害计划颇具争议，但可通过预防艾滋病的大量感染为犯人与社会带来巨大的利益。在伊朗，鸦片吸食者首次被逮捕时会与艾滋病病毒感染率较高的注射吸食毒品者关在一起。因此，出现了强制拘留戒毒是否弊大于利的问题。,Additional Tips for the Discussion讨论的其他秘诀,Stick to your data and your findings坚持你的数据与研究发

52、现 Do not speculate on causes that are not suggested by your data 不要猜测数据并未暗示的原因 Well, maybe a little, OK to offer new specific hypotheses也可以接受提出的一点新的特殊假设 Do not include new study results不包括新的研究结果 All findings must be in Results研究结果必须包含所有研究发现 Go back and include them回顾研究发现并全部纳入 Avoid “More research is

53、 needed”避免“需要进一步研究” Unless you say very specifically what is needed除非你能非常具体地说明需要阐述什么,Additional Tips for the Discussion讨论的其他秘诀,Do not simply repeat results不要简单的重复研究结果 Use words rather than numbers or statistics使用文字，而非数字或统计资料 “Nearly half” vs. 49.1%“接近一般” 与 49.1% 的对比 “More than three-fold increase” v

54、s. OR of 3.12“超过三倍增长” 与 3.12 的优势率的对比 Avoid promising future papers or studies避免承诺未来的文章或研究,Additional Tips for the Discussion讨论的更多秘诀,Avoid bragging 避免吹嘘 Well, a little is OK稍许夸张可以接受 First ever direct measure of ART need in a national survey首次在全国性调查中直接衡量 ART 需求 Avoid clichs避免陈词滥调 Happy ending!结尾要圆满！,K

55、umbaya,Introduction引言,Introduction引言,Ask the question you already answered就你已回答的问题提问 Think of Introduction as 4 sentences:考虑用四句话撰写引言： The general situation一般情况 The specific situation特殊情况 The gap in our knowledge of the specific situation对特殊情况认识的不足之处 What you did to fill the gap如何弥补不足,Example of 4 se

56、ntence introduction四句话引言范例,General:一般情况： The movement of people has contributed to the spread of infectious diseases人口流动促使传染性疾病传播 Specific: 特殊情况： Long-distance truck drivers in sub-Saharan Africa have particularly been implicated in the dissemination of HIV撒哈拉沙漠以南 (sub-Saharan) 非洲的长途卡车司机对于艾滋病病毒的传播有特

57、别重要影响 Gap:不足之处： Few studies have been conducted on truck drivers in Brazil针对巴西卡车司机的研究非常少 How we filled the gap:如何弥补不足： We conducted a time-space sampling survey of truck drivers at a major cross roads in Northeastern Brazil我们对巴西东北部的一主要交通十字路口的卡车司机进行了时空抽样调查,Expand to 4 paragraphs: Big issue拓展至四段：大问题,T

58、he movement of people has historically contributed to the spread of infectious diseases. The New World, in particular, was devastated by the introduction of diverse infectious diseases upon the first contact of Europeans to vast susceptible populations. In the present time, the rapid intra- and inte

59、r- continental spread of HIV may, in part, be attributed to highly mobile populations. The spread of HIV across Brazil is no exception. In recent years, Brazils HIV/AIDS epidemic can be characterized by three global trends of “feminization” (an increasing proportion of new cases among women), “heterosexualization” (an increasing proportion of cases through heterosexual contact), and interiorization (an increasing proportion of cases in smaller towns away from