英美概况复习大纲

1、英语国家概况复习笔记chapter 1 land and people英国的国土和人民different names for britain and its parts英国的其他名称及其组件1.geographical names : the british isles，great britain and england。地理名称：不列颠群岛，英国和英国。2.official name : the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland .正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.the british isles are ma

2、de up of two large is landsgreat britain(the larger one)and ireland，and hundred of small ones。不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠(大)、爱尔兰(爱尔兰)和数以千计的岛屿组成。4.three political divisions on the island of great britain : england，scotland and wales。不列颠岛有三个政区：英国、苏格兰和威尔士。位于英国南部的england is in the southern part of great britain。it i

3、s the largest，most populus section。是最大、人口密度最大的地区。scotland is in the north of great britain。it has three natural zones(the highland s in the north；the central lowlandsthe south uplands)capital : edinburgh。苏格兰位于英国北部。北部高地，中部低地，南部山陵。首都：爱丁堡。wales is in the west of great britain。capital : cardiff威尔士位于英国西部

4、。首都：卡迪夫北爱尔兰is the fourth region of the uk。capital : belfast。北爱尔兰是英国的第四个地区。首都：贝尔法斯特5.the common wealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of britain . member nations are joinedthe decision to become a member of the common wealth is left to each nation。it

5、 was founded in 19 31，and has 50 member countries until 1991。英联邦是由一度是英国殖民地的独立国家组成的自由联合体。成员国之间的经济合作，有一定的贸易协定。英联邦没有特别的权限。英联邦是否参与由成员国自己决定。成立于1931年，到1991年有50个成员国。chapter 2 the origins of a nation(5000 bc-1066)英国的起源1.arrival and settlement of the celts at about 700 bc the celts began to arrive in britain

6、 and kept coming until the arrival of the romans。they may com e originally from eastern and central europe，now france，belgium and southern germany。凯尔特人大约在公元前700年来到不列颠岛，一直到罗马的入侵。可能来自东欧和中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。they came in three main waves : the gaels about 600 bc；the brythons about 400 bcthe belgaeabout 1

7、50 bc。凯尔特人来到英国的三次高潮：是公元前600年左右的盖尔人；第二个是不列颠人，大约公元前400年。第三个是公元前150年左右的贝尔格曼。the celtic tribes are the ancestors of the highland scots，the irish and the wesh，and their languages are the basis of both wesh and gaelic .凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人，是爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先，他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。the celts religion was druidism。凯尔特人的宗教是德鲁伊

8、教。the belgae were the most industrous and vigorous of the celtic tribes。贝尔盖因是最勤奋、最精力的。the celts were practised farmers。凯尔特人是老练的农民。2.basis of modern english race : the anglo-saxons现代英国人的基础3360 anglo-sackson(446-871)in the mid-5th century jutes，saxonsthe jutes，who fished and farmed in jut land，came to

9、 britain first . then the saxons came。they came from northern germany，establish their kingdoms in essex，sussex and wes sex。in the second half of the 6th century，the angles who also came from northern germany and were to give their name to the english people，setled iid5世纪中期，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛。三个日耳曼部

10、落。住在朱特兰岛(现称丹麦南部)的朱特人首先抵达英国。在德国北部的萨克逊人、埃塞克斯人、萨塞克斯人和韦塞克斯城建立了王国。6世纪后半期，在德国北部，给英国人起自己名字的盎格鲁人也定居在东英吉利亚、迈西亚和诺森伯莱。heptarchy : during the anglo-saxon s time，britain was divided into many kingdoms，among which there were seven principal kingdomsthey were given the name for heptarchy。在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，英国分为7个主要王菊：肯特、埃

11、塞斯、苏塞克斯、韦赛斯、东盎格鲁利亚、弥赛亚和诺森伯兰。the anglo-saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another，each trying to get the upper hand，so that the kingdoms were often broken在盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战，试图徐璐占优势，王国总是分裂the anglo-saxons brought their own teu tonic religon to britain .盎格鲁-撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到英国。although the anglo-sax

12、ons were ferocious people，they laid the foundations of the english state。firstly，they divided the country into shires；secondly，they devsed the narrow-strip，three-field farming system which continued to the 18 th century；thirdly，they also establish the manorial system . finally，they created the wit a

13、n(council/meetin of wisemen)to advise the盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族，但为英国国家的形成奠定了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为军队；第二，他们设计的狭窄的三浦战农耕剂延长到了18世纪。他们还建立了歌谣。最后，他们还创立了议会(县人会议)，向现有枢密院的基础国王提出建议。3.the viking and danish invasions the norwegian vikings and the danes attacked various parts of england from the end of the 8th century。the danes

14、gaine d control of the north and east of englandthe danelaw。挪威的海盗和丹麦人从8世纪末开始持续进攻英格兰各地。丹麦人控制着英国北部和丹麦东部的法国地区。after alfreds death，his successors re conqueried the danelaw。king ethel red the unready tried paying the invaders to stay away。but the danes didn t go away but invade again。阿尔弗雷德死后，他的继任者重新征服了丹麦

15、地区。“准备渡边杏者”埃塞琉德国王为避免侵略，向丹麦人派遣了贡品，但丹麦人再次进军。after ethelreds death，canute，danish leader was made english king in 1016。he proved to be a wise ruler。after his death in 1035，his sons harold and haricanute regned successvely。after haricanute s death the succession passed to the successor edward the confess

16、or .埃塞勒德死后，丹麦领袖卡努特于1016年成为英国国王。他是个明智的通知者。1035年他死后，他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪卡努特相继统治了王国.哈迪卡努特死后，王位传给了“忏悔者”爱德华。4.阿尔弗雷德国王和他的贡献(849-899) 阿尔弗雷德s the king of wes sex and defected the danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879他击败了丹麦人，并在公元879年与他们签订了友好协议。he founded a strong flexet and is known as“the father of the british navy”他建立了强大的舰队，因此以“英国海军之父”着称； making it more efficient他更有效地重组了撒克逊军队。he is said to have taught himself latin and translated a latin book into english自学了拉丁语，有一本拉丁语书英文he