研究生英语综合教程(下)unit 8

1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（下） INTEGRATED COURSE,2,Unit 3,Leisure Activity,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 Watch the following video carefully to learn how global warming is threatening the traditional way of life on the Chesapeake Ba

2、ys Smith Island as its water level rises and its blue crab stocks dwindle and complete the blank-filling exercise.,Starting out,Click the picture for video,Smith Island,Smith Island is a lonely outpost, 12 miles out in the lower Chesapeake Bay. The shallow grassy waters around the cluster of islands

3、 that _Smith Island are some of the best blue crab habitat in the Bay. For more than 300 years the people here have _ natures hardships. But, increasingly, they sense that a more _ future lies ahead. The watermen are bringing in smaller catches, and profits _.,comprise,endured,precarious,falling dow

4、n,The population has dropped from more than 800 to about 300 over the last 100 years, and Smith Island is _. Most of the Island is only 1 foot above sea level. The higher areas where the people live are just 2-4 feet above the water. Coastal ecologists say the Chesapeake Bay has risen by more than a

5、 half foot over the past century and _.,losing its land,continues to swallow the land,Crumbling wooden crab shacks and battered bulwarks are testimony to the Islands _ to the sea. To help the Islanders beat back the bay, the army call of engineers launched a plan to _ new bulkheads and stone breakwa

6、ters aroundTanleten, part of a multi-million-dollar plan to_ _.,vulnerability,install,persuade people to stay,slow erosion and,_ _ “If a hurricane category 4 comes up and actually hits this Island, I think it could be flattened. It probably is the case that over the next century if_, we probably wil

7、l have a few higher spots, but not much more.” Most people hope that the new efforts to stem erosion can at least delay the inevitable so that one or two more generations can _here at the edge of the sea.,Despite this project, Smith Island may be running out of time.,we cant get control of the green

8、 house gases,make a living,Discuss in groups the following questions: 1. Whats the relationship between man and nature? 2. Many species of wildlife are reported to have become extinct or to be on the verge of extinction. What do you think causes this problem? 3. In your opinion, what measures should

9、 be taken to preserve the biodiversity of wildlife?,Starting outTask 2,Useful words and expressions: interrelated/inseparable/interdependent/interactive protect/benefit/hamony destruct/disaster/take revenge on global warming /greenhouse effect earthquake/flood/sandstorm,Starting outTask 2,1. Whats t

10、he relationship between man and nature?,2. Many species of wildlife are reported to have become extinct or to be on the verge of extinction. What do you think causes this problem?,Sample: Physical Alteration of Habitat Commercial Hunting and Harvesting The Introduction of Foreign Species Pest and Pr

11、edator Control,The Collection of Animals and Plants for Human Enjoyment, Research, and Other purposes Pollution Biological Factors that Contribute to Extinction The Loss of Keystone Species A Multiplicity of Factors Many factors acting together contribute to the loss of biodiversity. These factors m

12、ay synergize to produce a level of devastation far greater than anticipated.,Open-ended.,Starting outTask 2,3. In your opinion, what measures should be taken to preserve the biodiversity of wildlife?,Thinking Like a Mountain,Reading Focus,Reading Focus,About the author:,Aldo Leopold (18871948) is wi

13、dely acknowledged as the initiator of modern wildlife conservation in the United States.,Background Information,He was a professor at the University of Wisconsin and is best known for his book A Sand County Almanac 沙郡年记, from which this text is extracted, and sold over a million copies. The essays a

14、re stories of Leopolds observations of nature around him, the passing of seasons, and of wildlife, based on the belief that every living thing has a niche in the ecosystem.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,(Paras. 1-4),Part I (Paras 1-3) Every living thing pays heed to the wolfs bawl. Part II (Par

15、as 4-6) The authors experience of killing a wolf. Part III (Paras 7-9) The chain consequence of killing wolfs and cows. Part IV (Para 10) The long-term relationship between nature and humans.,Part I Every living thing pays heed to the wolfs bawl,A. Different interpretations of the meaning of the wol

16、f call.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,a. To the deer, it is a reminder of the way of all flesh. b. To the pine, a forecast of midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow. c. To the coyote, a promise of gleanings to come. d. To the cowman, a threat of red ink at the bank. e. To the hunter, a ch

17、allenge of fang against bullet. f. To the mountain, it is a sign of possible danger.,Supporting evidence:,a. The sound of wolves by night. b. The sight of wolf tracks by day. c. The midnight whinny of a pack horse. d. The rattle of rolling rocks. e. The bound of a fleeing deer. f. The way shadows li

18、e under the spruces.,B. Traces of wolves existence.,Supporting evidence:,Part II The authors experience of killing a wolf,Reading Focus Global Understanding,A. When did the author see the wolves? B. How did the author kill the wolves? C. Why did the author kill the wolves?,When he and his fellows we

19、re eating lunch on a high rimrock.,They shot at the wolves with their rifles.,They shot at the wolves for two reasons: Firstly, since the author was young and trigger happy, he was so excited to be able to shoot an animal; secondly, he thought fewer wolves means more deer, which means hunters paradi

20、se.,a. Fewer wolves lead to more deer. b. More deer lead to fewer bushes, seedlings, trees, and internal killing. c. Fewer bushes, seedlings and trees lead to damage of the affected range and a natural disaster for human life.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Part III The chain consequence of kill

21、ing wolfs and cows,Arguments:,Conclusion: Too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long run.,Part IV The long-term relationship between nature and human,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Task 2,Work in groups to decide whether the statements are true or false according to the passage. (P22

22、8),Key: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,T,F,F,F,T,F,F,T,T,T,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,Work together with your partner to answer the following questions based on the text youve just read.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. In the text, the author declares: “Only the mountai

23、n has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf.” What does the mountain think of the howl of a wolf? Why does the author think only the mountain can listen objectively to the howl?,2.The author says in the last paragraph, “too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long r

24、un”can you find an equivalent Chinese saying? Do you agree with this opinion? If you agree, supply examples to illustrate your point. If you dont, explain the reasons.,An equivalent Chinese saying “生于忧患，死于安乐”.,Discuss in groups the following questions.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. Why should we

25、 preserve biodiversity? What benefits can it bring about to human beings?,2. Do you think it possible to strike a balance between ecological sustainability and the developmental needs of people?,It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow, and of contempt for all the adversities of the world. (Para. 1)

26、 outburst; burst; outbreak A. There has been another angry _ against the new local tax introduced today. B. Terri keeps _ into tears for no reason. C. A(n) _ of food poisoning led to the deaths of five people.,Reading Focus Language Point,outburst,bursting,outbreak,defiant adj. refusing to do what i

27、s asked because one does not agree 公然违抗的; 反抗的; 挑衅的 e.g. _, they sang a revolutionary song as they were led away to prison. 他们被带走投入监狱时, 仍以最后的反抗姿态唱起了一支革命歌曲。,With a last defiant gesture,2. Every living thing (and perhaps many a dead one as well) pays heed to that call. (Para. 2) pay heed to: to pay att

28、ention to sth., especially sth. someone says, and seriously consider it 注意某事；慎重考虑某事 e.g. A good leader should always pay heed to the voice of the masses. 一位好领导应该经常注意倾听群众的呼声。 翻译：大山中所有的生物（可能也包括许多死去的生物）都侧耳倾听这声号叫。,Reading Focus Language Point,3. Those unable to decipher the hidden meaning know neverthel

29、ess that it is there, for it is felt in all wolf country, and distinguishes that country from all other land. (Para. 3) decipher v. to find the meaning of something that is difficult to read or understand 辨认；解释；破译(密码) e.g.有谁能辨认他的字迹吗？ Can anyone decipher his handwriting?,Reading Focus Language Point,

30、4. We were eating lunch on a high rimrock, at the foot of which a turbulent river elbowed its way. (Para. 4) Personification (拟人) is used to show how the river flowed and turned round so fast, as if it were a person struggling for a way forward.,Reading Focus Language Point,5. We saw what we thought

31、 was a doe fording the torrent, her breast awash in white water. (Para. 4) awash: adj. covered with water or another liquid 被水或其他液体漫过的 be with This city _ drugs. 这座城市毒品泛滥。,Reading Focus Language Point,is awash with,6. In those days we had never heard of passing up a chance to kill a wolf. (Para. 5)

32、pass up: to give up,refuse 放过，放弃，拒绝 e.g. Never pass up a chance to learn. 永远不要放弃学习的机会。 Paraphrase: In those days we would surely kill a wolf as long as we find one.,Reading Focus Language Point,Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves. I have watched the face of many a n

33、ewly wolfless mountain, and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails. I have seen every edible bush and seedling browsed, first to anemic desuetude, and then to death. I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddlehorn. (Para.7) Parallel structure is us

34、ed here to emphasize the serious chain consequence of wolf killing.,Reading Focus Language Point,8. Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves. (Para. 8) extirpate (v.) to completely destroy something that is unpleasant or unwanted 消灭，根除 e.g. The farmers extirpated weeds f

35、rom the field. 农民们除去了田中的野草。,Reading Focus Language Point,9. In wildness is the salvation of the world. (Para. 9) This sentence is put in inverted order. Paraphrase: You can learn how to save the world in the way how the nature goes.,Reading Focus Language Point,Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10,Task

36、 1 Choose the answer closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. (P230),B,D,A,B,A,D,D,A,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,A,C,Task 2,1. outburst burst outbreak A. There has been another angry _ against the new local tax introduced today. B. Terri keeps_ into tears for no re

37、ason. C. A(n) _ of food poisoning led to the deaths of five people.,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from each group. Change the form if necessary. Some words may be used more than once. (P231),outburst,bursting,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,outbreak,2. adversity adverse advi

38、se A. Despite the _ conditions, the road was finished in just eight months. B. They continue to fight in the face of _. C. It was his doctor who _ that he change his job. 3. distinguish distinguished distinct A. There is something about music that _ it from all other art forms. B. Now that Tony was

39、no longer present, there was a _ change in her attitude. C. His grandfather had been a _ professor at the University.,adverse,distinguishes,distinguished,distinct,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,adversity,advised,4. sight view outlook vision A. I use my sense of sound much more than my sense of _

40、. B. Do you have a(n)_ about what we should do now? C. The _ of the economy is still uncertain. D. Maybe you had _ of being surrounded by happy, smiling children. 5. implicit underlying implied A. He has a(n)_ belief in the goodness of people. B. I feel there is some _ criticism about the gift you h

41、ave chosen. C. To prevent a problem you have to understand its _ causes.,sight/vision,view,implicit,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,outlook,visions,implicit/implied,underlying,6. awash wash washing A. You are going to have your dinner, get _, and go to bed. B. The roads were _ with mud and rainwa

42、ter. C. My mother always did the _ on Mondays. 7. spring jump leap A. He _ to his feet, and grabbed his keys off the coffee table. B. To the north are the hot_ of Banyas de Sant Loan. C. Think twice before you _. D. The number of crimes _ by 10% last year.,washed,sprang/jumped,springs,Reading Focus

43、Vocabulary in Action,awash,washing,leap,jumped,8. track trail trace (n. a series e.g. a succession of events/problems/visitors 2) the act of taking over an official position or title e.g. He became chairman in succession to Bernard Allen. 他接替伯纳德艾伦任主席。,Reading More Language Point,“along succession of

44、 them upon the surface of the sea” 是 “boat” 的同位语。 “upon the surface of the sea” means these boats are just for temporary use. 翻译：伴随着我的帆船梦，我拥有过一艘又一艘的海船。其中有不少只是临时的替代品，比较容易倾覆。,Reading More Language Point,4. It jiggles me up, the wind does, and what I really love are windless days, when all is peace. (P

45、ara. 3) jiggle: to move or make something move from side to side with short quick movements e.g. 他站在那儿，手里转动着汽车钥匙。 He stood jiggling his car keys in his hand.,Reading More Language Point,5. This is an intellectual responsethe old yearning is still in me, belonging to the past, to youth, and so I am t

46、orn between past and present (Para.4) Paraphrase: It is very rational to think this way: I feel miserable about the contradiction between my longing to sail and fear of the wind, which is necessary for sailing, and cannot make any decision.,Reading More Language Point,6. There will lie the sloop, th

47、ere will blow the wind, once more I will get under way. (Para. 6) get under way:start happening e.g. 我要等到比赛正式开始。 Ill wait till the campaign gets under way properly.,Reading More Language Point,7. And with the tiller in my hand, Ill feel again the wind imparting life to a boat, will smell again the o

48、ld menace, the one that imparts life to me: (Para. 6) impart: sth (to sb) to pass information, knowlege, etc. to other people to impart facts/news/skills 披露事实，消息，传授技艺 She had information that she couldnt wait to impart.,Reading More Language Point,Task,Keys: 1. A. promise (n.) B. promised (v.) C. pr

49、omise (n.) 2. A. succeeded (v.) B. succession (n.) C. succeed (v.) 3. A. compact (adj.) B. compact (adj) C. compactness (n.) 4. A. stable (adj.) B. stable (n.) C. stability (n.) 5. A. nerves (n.) B. nerved (v.) C. nerve (n.),Fill in each blank with an appropriate form of the word given, and identify

50、 its meaning. (P240),Reading More Vocabulary in Action,6. A. encounter (v.) B. encounter (n.) C. encounter (n.) 7. A. repelled (v.) B. repellent (adj.) C. repelled (adj.) 8. A. compulsive (adj.) B. compulsion (n.) C. compulsory (adj.) 9. A. alcoholic (n.) B. alcohol (n.) C. alcoholic (adj.) 10. A. i

51、nstruction (n.) B. instructing (adj.) C. instructions (n.),Key 1- 2- 3- 4-,Read the following sentences and decide which of the italicized words fits each of the sentences best. (P241),obsessed,stationary,clue,restless,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Task 2,5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-,intellectual,compres

52、sed,raising,removed,succession,dispel,Practical Translation,科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情，描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言，多采用客观性的描述方式，要求概念准确、判断严密、推理周密、结构严谨。它在词法、语法、句法和修辞角度上都体现出自己的特点:,科技英语的翻译,在词法上，科技英语强调语言的简练和专业性，大量使用复合词、缩略语和属于某一专业领域的专业化词汇。 1) Space technology should be combined with civilian life to develop various hig

53、h-tech products. 译文：要将航天技术与民用生活相结合，开发出多种高科技含量的产品。 2) DNA has a double helix structure, which was discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson in the Cavendish lab at Cambridge in 1953. 译文： DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）的双螺旋结构是由弗朗西斯 克里克和詹姆斯 沃森于1953年在剑桥的卡文迪许实验室里发现的。,解析： 例1) 中，原语为了语言的简练，high-technological 缩略成了high-tech。在

54、目标语中，为了强调客观事实，原文的被动句译成了汉语的无主句，符合汉语的句式特点。 例2) 中，DNA 是专业词汇，lab 是laboratory 的缩略语，为了让目标读者看懂，在译文中，DNA 要译出完整的意思，而且被动句译成了汉语的主动句，使行文更流畅。,2. 从语法方面看，名词化结构（nominalization）、一般现在时和被动语态用得较多；使用名词化结构和一般现在时是因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大，强调已存在的事实，而非某一行为。运用被动语态是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确性。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象，因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被

55、动语态。,3) The greatest source of worry at the moment is the disposal of radioactive wastes. Until now these wastes have been packed in containers and buried in remote areas or dumped in the ocean 译文： 现在最令人担心的问题是放射性废物的处理，到目前为止，这些废物是用容器装好，埋在边远地区或沉入海里。 4) The blood sugar level represents a balance betwee

56、n the amount of carbohydrate ingested or formed from protein and lipid, on the other hand, and the storage or utilization of carbohydrate, on the other. 译文： 摄入的或由蛋白质及脂肪转化来的糖类与体内糖类贮存或利用这两者之间的数量平衡，便是血糖水平的标志。,解析： 例3) 和例4) 的两个句子都符合科技英语的语法特点。为了表达客观、内容确切，两个句子都用了一些名词化结构的词汇，如例3) 的source of worry, disposal，例

57、4) 的balance, storage, utilization。为了避免造成主观推理和臆断，强调客观事实，两个句子都采用了一般现在时和被动语态。而科技汉语最明显的特点是多用无主句，语言平实，多采用客观性描述方法，因此例3) 的译文采用了直译的翻译方法，翻译出了原文的内容，语言平实、客观。例4) 译文中，为了符合汉语的习惯，被动语态处理成汉语的无主句，而且英语句子多采用重心前置式，但汉语句子应采取重心后置式，因此在译文中，把“血糖水平的标志”放在句子最后，从前面的分析出发，最后形成一个结论，句子结构衔接、连贯、合理。,3. 在句法上，科技英语使用大量的长句和复杂句，修饰、限定及附加成分多；注重衔接和连贯，注重逻辑的严密，以达到句子连贯、行文流畅的目的。,5) We do not realize how much we depend on the earths gravity until we are deprived of it, when our feet no longer stay on the ground, we float around in the air and the slightest touch may send us drifting off in the opposite direction. 译文：我们只有在失去地