The Sad Young Men.ppt

1、Unit 10 The Sad Young Men,Learning objectives,Know more about the 1920s in American history Get a better understanding of some terms: “the lost generation” (the Sad young men), “Puritanism”, “babbittry”, “bohemian”, “Greenwich village” Know more about some writers: F. S. Fitzgerald, E. Hemingway, Si

2、nclair Lewis,Background Information,1. F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Sad Young Men 2. Puritanism and puritans 3. Jazz Age or Roaring Twenties 4. Victorian Age (Victorian gentility) 5. Bohemianism 6. Prohibition 7. Greenwich Village 8. John Dos Passos 9. Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt ( Babbittry ) 10.Earn

3、est Hemingway and his The Sun Also Rises,Pre-reading questions,Can you name some synonyms of “sad”? What do you know about “the sad young men” or “the lost generation”? What type of writing do you think this text belongs to?,The Sad Young Men or the Lost generation :refers to the same group of peopl

4、e. The name was first created by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men and second by Gertrude Stein.,These names were applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace

5、only by despair or a cynical hedonism.,The remark of Gertrude Stein , You are all a lost generation, addressed to Hemingway, was used as a preface to the latters novel, The Sun Also Rises, which brilliantly describes an expatriate group typical of the Lost generation.,Beat generation:,This term was

6、applied to certain American artists and writers who were popular during the 1950s. Members of the beat generation rejected traditional and artistic forms.,They sought immediate expression in multiple intense experiences and beatific illusion like that of some Eastern religions. In literature they ad

7、opted rhythms of simple American speech and of so-called progressive jazz.,During the 1960s, “beat” idea and attitudes were absorbed by other cultural movements, and those who practiced the “beat” life style were called “Hippies”.,Angry Young Men:,This term was applied to a group of English writers

8、of the 1950s whose heroes shared certain rebellious and critical attitudes towards society.,Type of Writing,narration: dealing with events and experiences, to narrate description: dealing with appearances and feelings, to impress argumentation: dealing with viewpoints and evidence, to convince expos

9、ition: dealing with processes and relationships, to inform,Exposition,most frequently used by a student, a scientist or a professional writing patterns: by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast, an analysis of their causes and effects, or definition the most imp

10、ortant quality: clarity To achieve this, you have to: limit the scope of discussion prepare enough examples present the facts in proper order,Illustration,the use of example to explain or illustrate a point the most common, and often the most efficient pattern of exposition to select sufficient, spe

11、cific, typical, interesting and relevant examples to arrange examples logically and climactically,Division and Classification,two different ways of sorting things out division: to separate the whole thing into parts, stressing the differences between things classification: to group similar things sy

12、stematically, emphasizing the similarities to choose an appropriate principle of division/classification suited to your purpose to apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, avoiding overlapping,Comparison and Contrast,to present information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with som

13、ething familiar to show the similarities and differences of things to help evaluating to balance the comparison /contrast; try to give the items being compared /contrasted equal treatment,Definition,two main types of definition: 1)logical or formal (dictionary; rigid) 2) extended or informal (person

14、al; flexible) to discuss abstract terms such as liberty, beauty, socialism, having different connotative meanings to different people to answer fully ,though often implicitly, the question “What is?”,Cause and Effect,to make a causal analysis: 1)What is the cause? 2) What effect will follow? to avoi

15、d over-simplifying causes; try to explore fully to distinguish between direct and indirect, major and minor causes and effects, laying stress on the more important ones to be objective and support the analysis with solid, factual evidence to be dialectical; try to avoid one-sidedness “The benevolent

16、 see benevolence and the wise see wisdom.”,Macrostructure of the text,Part I: (para.1) introduction Part II:(para.29) development Part III: (para. 10-11) conclusion,Detailed Study of the text Para.1. 1.Whats the function of the first para? 2. What does the Twenties mean to the middle-aged and the yo

17、ung people respectively? 3. What do you know about “puritan” and “Puritanism”? 4.What do the present young students ask their parents? 6.What answers they got? 7.Explain the last sentence in this Para.,puritan: 1. someone who has very strict moral or religious principles, and does not approve of ple

18、asure, for example in sexual activity, entertainment, or eating and drinking 2. (Puritan) a member of a strict English religious group of the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted worship to be more simple. Many Puritans moved to America in the 17th century. Puritanism: the beliefs or behaviors that fo

19、llow puritan principles,Para.2. 1. What is the main idea of this para.? 2. How is this para. developed? Para.3. 1.What is the main idea of this para.? 2.How do you understand “Victorian gentility”? What do you know about the Victorian Age? 3. How do the authors support the main idea? 4. What are the

20、 characteristics of prosperous American industry? 5. What is the role of WWI in the collapse of the Victorian social structure? Why?,Victorian gentility,gentility- the quality of being genteel ; polite way of behaving typical of people belonging to a high social class Here this phrase refers to the

21、excessive or affected refinement and elegance attributed to Victorian England(1837-1901).,4. Victorian Age,Victoria (1819-1901) was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1837-1901. Her 63-year reign was the longest in British history. Great Britain reached their heig

22、ht of its power during this period. It built a great colonial empire and enjoyed tremendous industrial expansion at home. As a result, the time of Victorias reign is often called the Victorian Age.,Queen Victoria (18191901),Queen Victoria at the age of 23 Queen Victoria at the age of 66,During the V

23、ictoria Age, great economic, social, and political changes occurred in Britain. The British Empire reaches its height and covered about a fourth of the worlds land. Industry and trade expanded rapidly, and railroads and lands crisscrossed the country. Science and technology made great advances. The

24、size of the middle-class grew enormously. By the 1850s, more and more people were getting an education.,In addition, the government introduced democratic reforms. For example, an increasing number of people received the right to vote.,In spite of the prosperity of the Victorian Age, factory and farm

25、 workers lived in terrible poverty. The writers in Victorian Age criticized the courts, the clergy, and the neglect of the poor. England was two nations, one rich and one poor.,Charles Dickens Oliver Twist, William Thackerys Vanity Fair the three Bronte Sisters-Jane Eyre, all these writers attacked

26、the greed and hypocrisy they saw in society and discussed the relationship between society and the individual.,Victorian society was also philistine and pretentious. Nowadays ,the term “Victorian”, refers to ：old- fashioned and with very strict moral attitudes, esp. relating to sex, thought to be ty

27、pical of the Victorian period,Para.41. What challenge did the youth of the Twenties face?2. What mode of life did they actually adopt?3. Whats a Bohemian? 4. What are the specific behaviors of the young people?,Bohemian,Bohemia is a region of Czech Republic; the Gypsies or Romanies are called “bohem

28、ians” in French. Bohemian : adj. the Gypsies or Romany are called bohemians in French. How did this word come to describe the poor artists of Paris in the nineteenth century? Henry Murger tried to distance himself and his subjects from the Gypsies, emphasizing in his preface to Scenes de la Vie de B

29、oheme that The Bohemians of whom it is a question in this book have no connection with the Bohemians whom melodramatists have rendered synonymous with robbers and assassins. Neither are they recruited from among the dancing-bear leaders, sword swallowers, gilt watch-guard venders, street lottery kee

30、pers, and a thousand other vague and mysterious professionals whose main business is to have no business at all, and who are always ready to turn their hands to anything except good (xxxi).,A young Bohemian gypsy An artist at work,But in spite of this, the Bohemians and the Gypsies, in the most prev

31、alent perceptions of both, shared some characteristics. Both groups are known for their vagabond lifestyle, for their merry poverty, for their disregard of money for the pursuit of music, color, and relationships. They are groups that have different priorities than the dominant cultures of their soc

32、ieties, groups that inspire both disdain and envy. By the mid-1800s, however, French authors started to use the word bohemian in a very different sense. One who lives a vagabond, unregimented life without assured resources, who does not worry about tomorrow Bohemians - must be known as an artist to

33、the wider world; though they are not making a lot of money, they are guided by ambition and are expected to soon be making it in the world of art. They known both how to be frugal and how to be extravagant and can fit in in squalor or luxury.,The first generations of bohemians were predominantly bou

34、rgeois youths on their own in Paris, trying out an independent, artistic life for the first time. For them, Bohemianism was a prolonged adolescence, a time to pretend to be poor before returning to comfortable homes and bourgeois careers. Later, working class people joined the movement too, bringing

35、 with them their knowledge of actual poverty. Though they made light of their serious concerns, to spend ones days hungry and ill-shod, and making paradoxes about it, is really the dreariest kind of existence. Even when poverty was novel, it could still be depressing and even dangerous. And yet - Ba

36、d as things might seem from time to time, what compensations this life of freedom brought with it: getting up late, lounging and sponging ones way round the clock, and at the end of it, excusing everything, the observation: Were only young once! (Easton 123).,To develop freely every intellectual fan

37、cy, whether or not it shocks taste, conventions, and rules; to hate and repulse to the utmost.shopkeepers, Philistines, or bourgeois; to celebrate the pleasures of love with a passion capable of scorching the paper on which we record them, insisting upon love as the sole end and sole means of happin

38、ess; and to sanctify and deify Art, regarded as second Creator: such are the underlying ideas of the programme which each one of us, according to his strength, tries to practise- the ideal and secret ordinances of Romantic Youth. In an effort to be different from the bourgeois, and as an effect of m

39、any of the bohemians actually being relatively poor, a seize the day attitude ran rampant. While the bourgeois began to accept the students and artists as eccentric, but tolerable as they were only young once, the bohemians saw the carpe diem attitude as necessary.,6.Prohibition The forbidding by la

40、w of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes; specially in the U.S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal Law. The prohibition of the sale or use of alcohol for other than religious or medicinal purposes has been called a noble experiment. If

41、indeed it was, it was an experiment that failed to achieve its main goal. It did manage some partial victories: deaths from alcohol-related diseases did go down. Accidents from alcohol abuse were lessened in some areas, and thousands of people did stop drinking, with likely benefits to the health an

42、d sanity of those who might otherwise have become alcoholics. On the other hand, many thousands continued to drink in defiance of the law, and the enormous sums that could be earned from the illegal production, importation and distribution of wine, whiskey and beer financed organized crime throughou

43、t the period of prohibition.,Greenwich village: It is a section of New York., on the lower west side of Manhattan noted as a center for artists, writers etc.: formerly a village. The Bohemian quarter of New York. Many writers of good repute and high achievement lived there in the 1920s, but it was a

44、lso a haunt of undesirables.,In the19th century it became famous for its bohemianism as an artistic and literary colony. Among those who lived in the village, and among those who contributed to its long succession of little magazines, including the Little Review, The Masses, The Playboy. Greenwich V

45、illage had long been widely but unfavorably known for its unconventional and nonconforming way of life.,John Dos Passos,John Dos Passos Sinclair Lewis,9. Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt ( Babbittry ) American novelist, playwright, and social critic who gained popularity with satirical novels. Sinclair Le

46、wis won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930, the first given to Americans. His total output includes 22 novels and three plays. Though Lewis criticized at times the American way of living, his basic view of the American human comedy was optimistic.,He gained fame with Main Street, a study of idea

47、lism and reality in a narrow-minded small-town.,Lewiss next novel, BABBITT (1922), was a merciless portrait of a Midwestern businessmen George F. Babbitt. Babbitta forty-six-year-old, an enterprising, moral, stereotyped, and prosperous real-estate broker of the typical Midwestern city of Zenith, has

48、 been trained to believe in the virtues of home life, the Republican party, and the middle-class conventions.,It satirizes United States business and social life in the 1920s. Babbitt, a comic creation whose popularity did much to make English readers aware of contemporary American literature, is pr

49、esented as a success by common standards of his generation, but at the end he tells his son: “ Ive never done a single thing Ive wanted to do in my whole life!”,George Babbitt- the title character of smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cult

50、ural values.,Babbittry soon became synonymous with conformism and unthinking commercialism.,10.Earnest Hemingway and his The Sun Also Rises,Oak Park,His books are seldom read today, and his legend almost a faded memory. But in the 1930s and 1940s Ernest Hemingway was a literary idol-and role model f

51、or young writers who imitated his sparse prose and adventurous lifestyle. Fame came to Hemingway early; while in his twenties he wrote The Sun Also Rises, a novel about American expatriates in Paris. The people he wrote about had survived the First World War. They were unconcerned with money or mate

52、rialism and instead were content to while away their days in cafes or running with the bulls at Pamplona. This was-in Gertrude Steins words-the Lost Generation, and Hemingway became their bard. Only years later would the image of Hemingway in Paris, the struggling young artiste, be exposed as a mast

53、erful public relations job. Married to a Southern heiress who supported him in high bohemian style, Hemingway dressed in bulky sweaters to appear muscular and masculine as he paraded around the Latin Quarter.,His writing style derived from Gertrude Stein and Sherwood Anderson- both of whom he deride

54、d in private. It was hinted that the main character in The Sun Also Rises, the irrepressible Lady Brett, was borrowed from another novel. But, by the time these stories were published, years after the fact, the Hemingway myth was solid as Dr. Eiffels Tower. (Morley Callaghan, That Summer in Paris, N

55、ew York: Penguin Books ed., 1979) Until his death-a suicide-in 1961, Hemingway was seldom out of public view. His technique was to embark on an adventure, then recapture it in a book. The Green Hills of Africa was based on a big game hunt the writer undertook; For Whom the Bell Tolls fictionalized t

56、he Spanish Civil War which Hemingway had covered as a correspondent in the 1930s.,Battles, boxing, bull fights: Ernest Hemingway was there, at ringside, celebrating the cult of manhood and danger. When the Allies swept into Paris and liberated the city, Hemingway, who was covering the war for Collie

57、rs, rode in with the troops. The author carried a pistol and was surrounded by an entourage that included a cook, a photographer, and a public relations officer that the Army had provided. By the end of the war, Hemingway was world famous, his bearded face and massive body recognized everywhere. Acc

58、ording to a biographer, movie stars and waiters alike knew the author as Papa. (A.E. Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, New York: Random House, 1966) He stayed at the Ritz and maintained homes in several countries, including a finca in Cuba where he wrote, bred his fighting cocks, and held court to a stream

59、of visitors from around the world.,The Sun Also Rises first appeared in 1926, and yet its as fresh and clean and fine as it ever was, maybe finer. Hemingways famously plain declarative sentences linger in the mind like poetry: Brett was damned good-looking. She wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boys. She started all that. His cast of thirtysomething dissolute expatriates-Brett and her drunken fianc, Mike Campbell, the unhappy Princeton Jewish boxer Robert Cohn, the sardonic novelist Bil