如何做好高三后期复习工作--吕琢

1、如何做好高三后期复习工作,北京师范大学高等教育与管理博士班吕琢 2015.2.23,概 述,在2002年全市高三复课研讨会上，我就这类似专题发过言。经过这么多年，虽然高考英语无论在题型还是考查角度上有所变化，但我仍然认为只有踏踏实实、稳扎稳打、夯实基础才有可能取得好成绩。不要心存任何侥幸心理，猜题押宝。,就拿近几年英语书面表达题为例，有人认为话题作文可能与当前社会、政治、经济等热点有关，结果什么都不是，你很难猜到。还是要把握与学生生活息息相关的事情，这样他们才有可能有话可说，至于能不能说好就看我们老师怎么指导。,静下心来思考自己教学过程中的得失，确定复习思路，选择合适的材料，精心把握课堂。课本

2、复习抓大放小；语法复习切莫过细；千万不要以做题代复习，吸取每套题中的精华，课堂做到精讲精练。不要眉毛胡子一把抓，针对学生目前存在的问题抓紧最后剩下来的时间，找出问题，对症下药，会收到事半功倍的效果。,我曾经把这种做法叫考前“乱谈”，其实是有针对性的，而且在开始这个过程之前要花费长达一个多月时间备课，查阅学生做过的所有试题，结合近几年考试导向，按点、按类归纳总结。现在我就自己平时的做法给大家汇报一下（提纲式）。,语音方面注意的几个问题,介绍开音节及闭音节有关概念，特别是5个元音字母分别在开音节和闭音节词中的读音规则，尤其在非重读音节中的读音规则(i / )。,5个元音字母分别在开音节和闭音节词中

3、的读音规则,R音节读音规则（学生一旦了解它的读音规则就可以通过判断单词重音符号确定R音节的读音）,- 可能出现的几种情况： long ,young ; ink think ; uncle . franc ; anxious ; anger ; hungry ; orange change strangen ,字母组合“00”的读音规律。在字母 “d” “k”前面读u音；在其余字母前面读u：音；foot与food恰相反；blood与flood属特殊。 介绍名词变复数、动词第三人称加-s /e s的读音、规则动词加-ed的读音。有些同学根本分不清哪些是元音音素，哪些是辅音音素，那些是清辅音，那些是

4、浊辅音。所以加词尾后不知道怎么读。有必要介绍48个国际音标。,48个国际音标,元音音素：5个长元音：i：u：: 7个短元音：i u e 8个双元音：ei ai i；u au； i e u 辅音音素： 清辅音：p t k f s tr 浊辅音：b d v z dr 鼻辅音：m n 声门音：h 半元音： j w 舌侧音：l 卷舌音：r,一些常考容易错的单词读音。 houses, housing, bath, bathe, mouths, months, many, any, bury, breath, breathe, should, shoulder, says, said, show, sho

5、wer, mean, meant, deal, dealt,suggestion =question, south, southern, north, northern, cloth, clothing, clothes, salt, always, talk, face, surface, explain, explanation, invite, invitation exam, exercise, experience, nation, national等等。,单项选择题,90年代初左右做选择题只能跟感觉走，平时练过的题基本找不到一点影子。而近几年的选择题，好多都是前几年的翻版，只是换了

6、一些词。所以做高考母题（近几年的题）很有必要。最好分类训练。近期许多杂志上都有近几年高考分类训练题。要指导学生进行错题归类。一个题目代表一个概念。,复习策略: 突破重点，远离偏、难、怪题，关键是落实基础。多在理解情境和语义上下工夫。可每周进行一定的“错题再练”，将平时错题集中训练。具体要做到一下几点： 1、研究传统的重点，热点内容，注意多考点的交融和综合。 2、动词复习是重点，重点掌握和理解常见时态的用法，非谓语动词复习是难点，情态动词一定注意语境对于语义的影响。,3 、从句复习是关注点。状语从句和定语从句为重点复习内容。复习的关键内容为关联词的使用。 4、归纳“一题多变” “一题多解” “多

7、题一解”等形式，进行题组强化训练，提高应变能力 、注意解题技巧和方法，避开陷阱，摆脱思维定势特别注意：标点符号的提示，疑问句，多余信息的干扰和省略了的成分。 下面是我总结出学生平时容易出现错误问题的一部分:,不会断句。The theory he struck to _to be useful. A. proving B. was proved C. proved 冠词填空题设空至少有两个，首先找出突破口，进而缩小选择范围，这样准确率会高。Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _different kind unless th

8、ey kill them for food. A. the, a B. the , the C. X ,the D. X , a,不注意上下文之间的省略关系。 1)-Jack, who are you waiting for?(金台区二摸15题) -(I am waiting for) A friend to lend me a camera this afternoon. 2)-Why have you bought so many flowers? -_ them to our teachers on Teachers Day. A. Presenting B. Present C. To

9、 present 3)- What should I do with the passage? -_the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding out B. Found out C. To find out D. Find out,情态动词考查重点放在情态动词表示推测及 “情态动词+have done”上。有些同学弄不清这几种结构的含义。 (1) must have done; may have done ; might have done; cant have done;,couldnt have done ; could have done; w

10、ould have done; should have done ; ought to have done; neednt have done; would like to have done; would rather have done was/were to have done,The plane was to have taken off at 9, but there is something wrong with the engine. (2)不妨检验以下学生对情态动can, may, must一般问句的肯定和否定回答,听起来简单,结果可能会令你惊讶. Can you swim?

11、Yes, I can. (No, I cant.) May I go there? Yes, you may. (No, you mustnt) Must I hand in my homework? Yes, you must. (No, you neednt/dont have to).,选择题中标点符号也很重要。例如一种意思倒装结构会有多种表达法； Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life. Our eating habits have changed；so has our way of life. Our eating

12、 habits have changed .So has our way of life Our eating habits have changed and so has our way of life. 这种倒装句中其中as是连词、分号相当于连词的作用、so是副词。(高一册下第一单元句子),一种意思，用不同的表达方式 1) He didnt go to bed until 12. Not until 12 did he go to bed. It was not until 12 that he went to bed. 2) I was about to go out when he c

13、ame. I was just going out when he came. I was on the point of going out when he came .,3) It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _it. A. mustnt have done B. wouldnt have done C. neednt have done /didnt have to do 4) I intended to have helped you, but I was busy then , I had intended t

14、o help you , but I was busy then.,题干中没有引起复合句的关联词，前（后）只能是短语，学生不能理解为什么而误选成句子。有时候受惯性思维的影响，该用句子表示，反而用了短语。 例如； 1)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of facts,_ beyond our control. A. most of which B. most of what C. most of that D. most of them,2) He was told many times, but he still d

15、idnt understand it. 3) The students were all standing by the lake, _ swimming suits. A. all of them wore B. all were wearing C. all of whom wearing D. all wearing,这样的复合句改成简单句，后面只能是动词不定式，不可以是动词的 ing 形式。至于是不定式何种形式根据情况而定。有些同学不知道。 -It is said that the book has been translated into English. -The book is

16、said to have been translated into English.,在比较中找特殊 传统意义上的关系代词、关系副词混用 Jane is back in May, by _the new house should be finished.(四川延考区08年) A. which B. that C. whom D. when when 用作关系代词很特殊，与since和 by 连用可以引起一个问句或定语从句 Since when has he lived here? I dont like the way _you speak to her. A. that B. in whic

17、h C. X,各类复合句概念不清。 如1）As is well known, China is a developing country. 2) It is well known that China is developing country. 3) What is well known is that China is a developing country.,分不清是用现在分词还是用过去分词。例如；Facing many difficulties, he didnt know what to do. Faced with many difficulties, he didnt know

18、 what to do. 类似的还有： devoting oneself to与devoted to; losing ones way与lost; dressing oneself与dressed in comparing与compared with等等。,对于形容词表达倍数的句子，通过倍数该词在句子中的位置摆放就可以搞定，有些学生乱捉摸。 A is three times as big as B. A is three times bigger than B. A is three times the size of B. The size of A is three times that

19、of B. 特殊句式的使用也要加以强调，这些都是必考无疑的。 1）祈使句+and/or + 一个一般将来时句子。有时候是一个名词短语 + and + 一个简单句。 One more hour, and Ill do it better.,2）强调结构 + 一个复合句，有些学生分不清哪儿是强调结构中的连词，哪儿是引起复合句的连词。 3）分不清感叹句中what/how的使用（可通过“一断、二加、三换位”口诀来做） 4)遇到倒装结构跟倒装句的句式结构联系不起来，尤其是虚拟语气省掉if的情况下，更无使用倒装语序的意识。 a) Had I taken the medicine last night, I

20、 would be all right now. b)_ every student aware of the importance of study, they would study efficiently. A. Should B. May C. Had D. Were,这个词多数学生弄不明白Lack-lack of-lacking in 1) At that time, they all wanted to do it, but they seemed to _ confidence. A. lacked B. lacking in C. lack of D. lack 2) Thou

21、gh _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking in D. lacking,似曾相识，可结果大不一样 1）Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away,_ into the woods. A. seizing, disappeared B. seized, disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized,

22、disappearing 2) On hearing the news, she rushed out without hesitation, _ her handbag _ on the sofa and _ in the distance. A. left, lied, disappeared B. leaving, laying, disappeared C. left, lying, disappearing D. leaving, lying, disappeared(宝鸡市二摸）,形容词中的几个问题 1）no +比较等级+ than He can jump no higher th

23、an one meter.(接数字含义”仅仅“） Tom works no harder than John.（跟一样不） ）likely, possible, probable He is likely to come. It is likely that he will come. It is possible/probable that he will come.,名词从句中的典型问题 The small mountain village_ we spent our holiday last month lies in _is now part of Hubei.（江西宜春高考模拟） A

24、. which , where B. where , what He is _is known as a hacker -he recently uses or changes the information in other peoples computer systems. A. that B. who C. which D. what what引起从句等于the thing/person that,对于常见常考的短语动词若干种意思见到就提，做到脱口而出。例如:pick up; break down; Please pick up the pen from the floor. The T

25、V program is easy to pick up. Ill pick you up at the railway station. Im glad to tell you that my business is picking up. You can pick up some used stamps at the stand. Where did you pick up the news? 对于“so +adj. +a/an +可数名词单数”这一句型中能替代副词so位置的词学生没概念。除了so之外还可以用副词too, how, that等。尤其是“as +adj.+ a/an +可数名

26、词单数+as”这一句式结构容易出错。,有些句子差异细微，学生做题粗心。He put forward so difficult a question that I couldnt understand it. He put forward so difficult a question as I couldnt understand. 在定语从句中迄今为止有些学生还是凭先行词判断关系词，不知道关系词在从句中干啥的。另外要强调whose指物时=of which/whom the的用法. I lost the dictionary ,of which the front cover is missi

27、ng.,分不清its a pleasure=my pleasure与with pleasure的含义。 Would you mind.?竟然用never mind来回答。 启示：教学中我们应该就常见情景会话中“怎样表示感谢，道歉，”总结给学生我始终认为英语教学 输入很重要,感谢经典10句话 1)感谢他人 (1)I would be very grateful if you give me some advice about which major to choose. (2)Thanks for taking me to the movie. (3)Thanks for the hand. (

28、4)Thanks for everything, if you ever a favor in return, just let me know. (5)This is a big favor.,(6)I am extremely grateful to you, Jim. 2 )对别人的感谢作出反应 (7)My pleasure (Its a pleasure). (8)No trouble at all. (9)Dont mention it. (10)Im glad you like it.,道歉经典10句话 1)对他人表示道歉 (1)Please accept my apologies

29、 for any trouble I have made to you. (2)Im sorry for losing your book. (3)Im sorry to interrupt you. (4)I didnt mean it, I will make it up. (5)Its completely my fault.,2)对他人道歉作出反应 (6)No trouble. We all make mistakes. (7)Never mind. (8)Think no more of it. (9)Ill let you off this time. (10)Forget it.

30、,复合句中反意问句 1) I (We ) dont think/believe/ suppose that句式需要判断。 I dont think that you are right ,are you? They think that you are wrong ,dont they? 时态仅限于一般现在时 2)其它形式的复合句,多跟主句保持一致 He said that he would go to Beijing, didnt he? Its the first time that he is late, isnt it?,“it”的习惯用语如：make it ;look it及用在三类

31、动词后跟when/if从句时用作形式宾语。 make it (达到，成功） get it （明白） guess it （猜中）put it （说，表达） mean it（说话算数）等等 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love ,make等后面接if /when从句时 have (表明，坚持说）take（认为，猜想） hide （隐瞒）publish（公布） put（表达） 等后面接that宾语从句时 Answer for（担保）,count on（期待） depend on， insist on ，see to （确保）等后面接that从句时,今几年高考中最

32、热门考查it在强调句中的用法,注意强调句的四种形式 I met her in the street yesterday. (肯定句) Was it in the street that you met her yesterday? .(一般问句) Why was it that he was late?(特殊问句) It was not until 12 that I went to bed. (notuntil),It +be+一段时间+before/since引导的从句 1)如何确定引导词before还是since的问题 It is/has been 5 years since he jo

33、ined the army. It will be five years before he joins the army. 2)在引导的从句中使用瞬间动词表肯定含义;持续性动词表示否定含义.,e.g. It is five years since he worked here. 他不在此上班已经5年了. e.g.-It is three years since I lived in Beijing. -_? Are you used to living there How long have you been there Are you going to stay there longer

34、Where have you been living now, please,3组(11个)表示”一就”的从属连词 名词类的 :the moment, the second, the instant, the day 副词类的:immediately, directly, instantly, once 句型类的:no soonerthan, hardly when,注意两个形容词短语 a large quantity of-large quantities of a large amount of-large amounts of e. g . A large amount of food

35、is wasted. Large amounts/quantities of food are wasted.,对于动词的时态,有些学生对许多种时态的用法没有掌握.比如当问到学生过去完成时表示什么时,他们会说”过去完成时就是表示在过去发生的动作”,显然是跟一般过去时混淆起来了。过去完成时表示在过去某时(动作)之前发生某一动作或存在的某一状态.所以我告诉学生,不要冒然使用过去完成时,除非有过去的某一时间或者动作,才能谈得上用过去完成时.这句话现在都成了学生的一句口头禅.,分清从句类型，选择合适的动词时态 1)There arent many seats left for the concert,

36、 you had batter make sure _ two today. A. getting B. to have got C. that you will get D. that you get (make sure that从句用一般现在时) 2) -Would you like to have a swim with me in the sea? - I will ask my parents _. A. whether they will agree to go B. if they let me go C. whether they allow me to D. if they

37、 will let me go 在时间,条件状语从句中,一般现在时表将来,但此句是宾语从句,某些连词后可以跟一个分词短语 I wont go to his birthday party unless invited. The special medicine for the disease was difficult to find though sought everywhere. When asked why he was late , he didnt reply. He still didnt answer me , after _. A. asked many times B . b

38、eing asked many times before ,after引导从句时是连词，后接短语是介词,Lie 及lay的过去式及过去分词到现在好多学生还弄不清楚。可通过下面口诀记忆： 规则的撒谎；不规则的平躺。躺下来就下蛋；下蛋不规则。 lie vi. (撒谎)-lied-lied lie vi.（位于；躺）-lay-lain; lay vt.（摆放；产卵）-laid-laid,较复杂的句子教学生学会分解 1)Is _ three hours_ the boy _family is poor to come to school on foot? A. it; that ; whose B.

39、it for; that it takes; whose C. it; when ; that D. it ; that it takes; whose 先还原成陈述句，在使用强调结构强调句子划线部分，最后变成一般疑问句。,It takes the boy (whose family is poor) three hours to come to school on foot.(变成陈述句) It is three hours that it takes the boy (whose family is poor )to come to school on foot.(强调划线部分) Is i

40、t three hours that it takes the boy (whose family is poor) to come to school on foot?(变成一般问句),2)How long do you think _the computer company brings out a new product? A. will it be until B. will it be when C. it will be that D . it will be before 首先判断它属于复合句，排除从句中使用疑问语序；再套用it + be + 一段时间+before句型结构。,独

41、立结构（语法上称之为悬垂分词，因逻辑主语不受句子主语的限制）常见短语 1、独立使用的有以下几个常见结构 Generally speaking Strictly speaking Frankly speaking Personally speaking,2、用作介词或连词的常见结构 Judging by/from Given (that)假如，考虑到 Supposing (suppose) Providing (provided) (that) Seeing (that) Considering (that ),3、用作纯粹介词的常见结构 According to Concerning 关于 I

42、ncluding Regarding Owing to,下面短语中to为介词 Be opposed to/object to Be sentenced to Be used to Devote oneself to/be devoted to Find ones way to Get down to Add to Give way to,Lead to Look forward to Look up to Pay attention to Preferto See to Come to Turn to Belong to Be used to doing,完型填空题,特征： 完型填空题是一种旨

43、在测试学生语言综合能力的填空补缺式障碍性阅读题。它以语篇信息为基础，以中心脉络信息为主线，多层面、反复式信息暗示，纵横向立体式信息照应。给考生提供足够的解题信息。我们应该就夹叙夹议语篇为主进行练习。,夹叙夹议是高考完型填空的主体题材,也是高考完型填空中最难理解和把握的,因此,大家应该给予足够的重视.高考完型填空选取的夹叙夹议文一般有两类:第一,先叙述具体的人和事,然后引出作者的观点,;第二,先提出作者的观点,然后再用具体的人或事去证明它.所选文章都具有一定的这会价值和教育意义. 理清文章的结构,把握作者叙述的故事和作者要表达的观点结合起来分析是做好这类完型填空的关键.,备考策略： 方法1、重视

44、首句暗示，进行猜测性推理判断 完型填空一般无标题，首句不设空。这给我们传递了一个重要信息。主旨可根据首句及上下文归纳得出，以建立正确的思维导向，避免误入歧途。 When I entered Berkeley, I hoped to earn a scholarship. Having been a Straight-A student, I believed I could_ tough subjects and really learn something.（2008北京卷） 36. A. take B. discuss C. cover D. get 根据句首信息判断，本文是一篇记叙文。“

45、我”进入 Berkely学习的时候，希望获得奖学金。以前学习成绩是“全优”我”想”我”可以学比较难的课程，真正学点东西。这里用take a subject/course, take表示“攻读（某课程）.,方法2、强调语篇通读，创造逻辑性前后推导。可应运因果关系、转折关系、递进补充关系、对比比较关系等推出最佳选项。 It had nice handles , which made it _ to move around. (2008全国卷I） A. slower B. lighter C. quieter D. easier 根据关键词nice handles和made it to move a

46、round可知，此处强调（使“我”在服务时）来回走动更容易。原因是有好的手柄。（利用因果关系）,When Saturday night came, I was luckily (given) the tables not far from the kitchen . _, I still felt it a little hard to carry the heavy trays. (2008全国卷II） A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Finally D. However 由上句以及下文可知，前后两句之间有转折关系。 （利用转折让步关系）,方法3 注意习惯用语，进行

47、整理性查找分析 主要是答题时通过分析习惯用语,词语搭配，固定搭配等关系和句子结构，进行有效地判断推理，从而选出正确选项因此，平时对固定搭配的强化记忆很重要 When we _it as a whole , we begin to have some (questions), which even the best guide-books do not answer.(2008安徽卷） A. look at B. look after C. Look for D. look up 首先区别选项含义句意“当我们从整体上看这个城镇时，我们就会产生一些疑问”,方法：排除语义干扰，服从统一性语境调节。

48、语意的干扰会给做题带来一定的障碍，但要明辩此空所在的具体语境与全文的整体语境是否统一和谐，局部语境要服从整体语境，字里行间的干扰要服从全文的逻辑关系 A woman in her sixties lived in her little cottage with a pear tree at her door. She spent all her time taking care of the tree. But the children nearby drove her _ by making fun of her. 21. A. hopeless B. painful C. dull D.

49、crazy 第一句是全文的主线一位六十多岁的老人独自与家门前的梨树相伴，她将自己全部时间多用在照看这棵树上，附近的孩子取笑她，使她近乎发狂,启示： 有时候我们在做题时不难发现，有时候当一个空答案不确定的时候，往后再读一两句文章中马上就有所暗示。要么语义上、要么文字上暗示。文章末尾几个空容易做错。一篇文章总得给人点启示，所以你不能偏离文章的主线索，多多思考不要急于收笔。,阅读理解题,广泛接触各种题材、体裁的文章，是提高阅读能力的前提和基础，是保证阅读能力向质的飞跃的关键，没有足够的阅读量，就无法掌握阅读技巧，提高阅读水平。在阅读时要首先注意内容的广泛性。高考阅读题涉及日常生活、人物传记、新闻报导

50、、文化教育、史地知识、科普作品等。题材有记叙文、议论文、说明文等。如新闻的第一句话一般揭示文章的大意，交代事件发生时间、地点、人物、前后因果等。新闻标题、电视语言则多使用省略句。,广告类文章你就没有必要去花时间从头读它，只需要根据问题提示在相应段落中找出答案。了解各种文章的特点会对提高阅读能力大有裨益。其次在阅读中，要慎重选材。选材要适合学生程度，能激发学生的兴趣和阅读积极性。另外，在大量阅读的基础上不断地总结成功经验和失败教训，逐步地使同学们养成达标的阅读速度和具备娴熟的阅读技巧。在实践中，应该注意培养学生以下几个能力:,快速的浏览能力；巧妙的猜词能力；独立的分析能力；准确的捕捉主题句的能力

51、；合乎逻辑的判断能力。学生掌握了这些阅读技巧，就如虎添翼，运用自如。帮助学生纠正不良的阅读习惯。另外读图，读表阅读题难度较大有意识加强训练。多进行一些限时阅读训练。 有时候我们在做题时不难发现，一篇文章四个问题的答案选项都与文章主旨大意有关。主旨大意题表明作者写这篇文章的意图，细节推理都是围绕这个主题展开的。所以每做过一篇阅读理解题，作一些有必要的点评。,单词拼写题,单词是解决一切问题的基础。首先要经常督促学生背单词，背下单词才能谈得上拼写。 1、备考策略： 1）就有关词性简单知识教给学生。学生还要会分析简单的句子成份，知道什么地方该用词的什么形式。 2）研读考试说明上所列举的词汇，从中挑选出500-600个常考的加强记忆。,注意的几个问题： 1）符合双写规则的重读闭音节词（一元、一辅、一短、一重），无论是它的形容词、副词的比较等级和最高等级的构成，还是现在分词和规则动词的过去时、过去分词加词尾方法要教给学生。 2）常见的几个形容词变成副词时是去 “e”加 “l y”的。例如；simply ,gently ,comfortably .,3)容易写错的几个序数词。口诀：全变1，2 ,3； 8减 “t”，9减 “e” ， “f”代 “v e”； “t y”变 “t i”,切记 “t h”前面还有 “e”。 onefirst, two-seco