土木工程专业英语.ppt

1、土木工程专业外语 Civil Engineering Specialty English,军事建筑工程系建筑结构教研室 曹保山66893426 ,Specialty English and College English (科技英语与英语 ),序言(preface),基础,进阶,科技文献的阅读和翻译,日常应用,词汇、语法、句型,目的,手段,一、大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization ),Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。Ar

2、chimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.,Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实。,名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强

3、调displacement 这一事实,二、广泛使用被动语句(the passive),WHAT?,英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态结构。,比较下面两段短文：,We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It i

4、s measured in farads.,Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板内。这样的装置称之为电容器。其储存电能的能力称为电容。

5、电容的测量单位是法拉。,WHY?,强调与客观,使用时要注意：主要的信息置于句首 ;尽量避免使用第一、二人称,A) A direct current is a current which flows always in the direction. B)A direct current is a current flowing in the same direction.,三、非限定动词 (the nonrestrictive verb),在科技英语中，不常使用非限制定语从句，而使用非限定动词，即非谓语动词,A) In the communications, the problem of ele

6、ctronics is how information is conveyed from one place to another. B) In the communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey from one place to another.,使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句,四、后置定语(the postposition),The heat produced is equal to the elect

7、rical energy wasted. 产生的热能等于浪费了的热能。 过去分词表被动在科技文中被广泛应用。尤其在一些并列结构的句子中。,The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。介词短语due to的使用避免了because从句的使用,In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能 。,The force upt

8、own equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 向下的力与向上的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。副词成对出现，大多表示相反的意思。,介词短语,形容词及形容词短语的使用,副词,分词,During construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。,五、复合词与缩略词 （the compound and the abbreviation）,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋

9、向于任意构词,full-enclosed 全封闭的；work-harden 加工硬化； crisscross交叉着；on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的； anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹； radiophotography无线电传真； colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）,复合词,math (mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）lab (laboratory)实验室 ft (foot/feet)英尺 CAD( computer aided design)计算机辅助设计,缩略词,定语从句,六、长句(the

10、long complex sentence),To illustrate with reference to the beam just described, if the short-time peak load had been applied early in the life of the member, before time-depended deformations occurred, the sustained-load deflection of step 3 should be calculated using Ie based on the total load-mome

11、nt diagram( sustained plus and peak load) because the cracking which would result from that load would permanently reduce the stiffness of the member.,为了说明这一点，参照上述的梁，如果短期峰值荷载在随时间推移而发生的变形出现之前就作用在梁上，第三步的持续荷载作用下的变形就应根据总荷载弯矩图(持续荷载加峰值荷载)采用Ie来计算，这是因为在该荷载作用下产生的开列将会在整修构件使用期内使构件刚度减小。,To illustrate是目的状语。 if t

12、he为条件状语从句。 beforeoccurred是时间状语从句，修饰条件状语从句的谓语had been applied。 he sustained-loadshould be calculated为本句的主句 becausewould permanently reduce是固原状语从句，其中which would result from that load 是cracking的定语从句。,七、多种方法表达数字和否定(the number and the negation),数字：数量和倍数。,The factory turns out 100,000 cars every year. A y

13、ard is three times longer than a foot.,否定：,The object did not move because I pushed on it.,常见而双比较复杂的问题，使用非常灵活为英语特点。,专业英语的听与说(listening and speaking),一、常用数字的英语读法 （English reading frequently-used numerals）,1/2 one half, a half, one over two 1/3 a third, one third, one over three 2/3 two thirds , two o

14、ver three,1/10 a tenth ,one tenth, 1/4 a quarter, one quarter, one fourth, one over four 3/4 three quarters, three fourths,常用数字的读法,常用数学符号的读法,土木专业词汇的读法,文章的读法,Speaking,234/679 two hundred and thirty four over six hundred and seventy nine 0.3 zero point three, O point three, naught point three, point t

15、hree. 0.03 zero point zero three, O point O three, naught point naught three, point naught three. 0.67 zero point six seven, O point six seven, naught point six seven, point six seven,two and a half,three and three fifths,one hundred thirty seven and three over four,zero point three recurring, point

16、 three recurring,five point eight six seven, six seven recurring,2% two percent 2 two per mille 3/8% three eighths percent, three eighths of one percent. 2/3m two thirds of a meter 3/4km three quarters of a kilometer 7.8m/s seven point eight meters per second 15 fifteen degree Centigrade 34 thirty f

17、our degrees Fahrenheit 10KN ten kilo Newton 20mm twenty millimeters,二、常用数学符号的读法(English reading for frequently-used mathematical symbols）,+plus - minus multiplied by, times, divided by plus or minus is equal to, equals, is, is identically equal to, identically equals is approximately equal to, appro

18、ximately equals,the absolute value of x,x bar, the mean value of x,b prime,b double prime, b second prime, b two prime,b subscript one, b sub one,b superscript two, b super two,x dot,x two dots,function f of x,Dee x ,differential x,the n th derivative of y with respect to x,the partial derivative of

19、 y with respect to x,del,integral between limits a and b,bracket a plus b bracket closed,the ratio of a to b,x square, x squared, the square of x, the second power of x, x to the second power,the square root of x,the fifth root of x square,nth del,integral,infinity,x cube, x cubed, the cube of x, th

20、e third power of x, x to the third power,log x to the base n,Factorial x,一、教学内容(the teaching content),Part Three Content and Method (教学内容和方法 ),二、学习方法(the learning method),建议,参考大学英语的学习方法：每个人都有依据自己特点的学习方法,学习进步之表现：英语能力的增强，即听、说、读、写。,词汇：学习词汇于句子中,句型：学习句型于段落中或文章中。,absent: adj. Not present; missing: absent

21、parents.；不存在的；缺乏的（Not existent; lacking:）a country in which morality is absent.：心不在焉的，不在意的（Exhibiting or feeling inattentiveness）an absent nod；vt.（及物动词）To keep (oneself) away。They absented themselves from the debate；prep.（介词）Without:没有，缺乏：“Absent a legislative fix, this is an invitation for years of

22、 litigation” 常用的用法：be absent from,不在、缺席；be absent in 不在里面；be absent without excuse 擅自缺席；in an absent sort of way心不在焉的；in an absent way茫然的；需要注意的是：absent in “说在.里面没有某物时,不在这里，而在。The word is absent in the index at the end of the book.； He is absent in Beijing. absent from,“缺席，不在”He was absent from his w

23、ork. He is absent from Beijing.,词汇：,一类是常用的但必须掌握,（3会：读、写、用）。,另外一类是只要掌握读与义。例如：homogenous adj. 均质的。,It is up to somebody to do something. It took somebody sometime to do something. Not to mention something,句型：常用的一些表述方式,考试内容：专业词汇；句子和段落翻译；简单写作,Part Four Test and Grade (考评 ),考试成绩=平时成绩*0.2+考试成绩*0.8,继续,Part

24、 five reference books (参考书 ),继续,问题引入,阅读理解,Part one Text,Unit one Civil Engineering,一、词汇,predominate,vi. 统治， 成为主流， 支配，占优势 Vt. 掌握，控制，支配,Pre+domin+ate; 先于+统治+动词化,用法提示,Good predominates over evil in many works of literature,Chinese-speaking people predominate in China.,The beautiful girl can predominate

25、 her lover by force of her appearance,Geotechnical,geo+technical; 地球+技术+的,Adj. 岩土工程,supervise,Super+vid 上面+看,Vt. 监督, 管理, 指导,ramp,vi.狂跳乱撞, 敲诈, 蔓延n. 斜坡, 坡道, 敲诈vt.使有斜面, 敲诈,excavate,vt.挖掘, 开凿, 挖出, 挖空,ex+cav+ate; 出自+空+动词化,用法提示,The workmen excavated a hole in the wall to let the sewage pipe pass through.,

26、aerial,aeri+al; 空气+的,Adj.航空的, 生活在空气中的, 空气的, 高耸的,excavated surface,excavating machine,aerial attack,aerial bomb,aerial craft,二、注解（Note）,1、The civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment.,土木工程是对建设环境的规划、设计、

27、施工和管理,定义表达方式,The beam is the bar that is subjected to force acting transverse to its axis.,3、In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time.,2、Civil engineer build roads, bridges, tunne

28、ls, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage system, hospital, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentration.,土木工程师建设道路、桥梁、隧道、堤坝、港口、发电厂、上下水系统、医院、学校、公共交通，以及现代社会和庞大的人中集中所必须的公共设施。,essential to形容词作后置定语，翻译时提前。,Food is essential to l

29、ife.,the essentials of grammar,It is essential for us to try to decide whether television is a blessing or a curse.,后置定语of the military engineers who predominated at the time,4、Environment specialists study the projects impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the p

30、rojects impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment.,环境专家研究工程项目对当地的影响，即潜在的空气和地下水污染，工程项目对当地动物和植物的影响，以及如何设计工程项目使其满足政府保护环境的要求。,And 双宾语。,5、Based on information supplied by the other specialist, constructio

31、n management civil engineers estimate quantities and cost of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.,to ensure :不定式作目的状语,As+

32、过去分词作状语,基于其它专家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程师估算材料的劳动力的数量志成本，安排整个计划，订购施工工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，并进行其它监管工作以确保工程项目按期按规定完成,6、They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight,to minimize不定式作目的状语,That从句修饰限定settlement,7、The engineers d

33、etermine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on region it must traverse, the type of materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper

34、pressure and rate of materials being transported.,简单句,工程师们要确定管道设计、工程项目对其必经专区的经济与环境的冲突、所用材料的类型(钢材、混凝土、塑料、或各种组合材料)、安装技术、测试管道压力的方法、以及对所运输材料适当压力与流速的保持。,8、They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; the workers who layout and construct the temporary roads and

35、ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour concrete; and workers who build the steel framework.,事实上，他们协调工程中每个施工人的活动，这些施工人员包括：测量员、布置与建造临时道路与斜坡、挖掘地基、搭建模板与浇灌混凝土的工人、建造钢框架的工人。,9、Radio signs from satellite, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurat

36、e measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation projects, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.,人造卫星通过激光束和声速得到无线电信号能转换为图像，以便为开凿隧道及建造公路、与堤坝、为规划洪水控制和灌溉工程、为确定影响施工计划的地下地质构造，以

37、及为其它许多建设需要提供很精确的测量结果,Scan : undergo electronic scanning.,to provide：从句的省略,For+动名词作目的状语,That定语从句修饰formations,阅读习惯,认识自己的阅读习惯,改善阅读习惯的方法,建议应用的阅读策略,1、怎么认识自己的阅读习惯,阅读前,What am I reading?,Why am I reading it?,How should I read?,阅读时,先浏览后阅读,阅读意识,阅读笔记,有一个明确的阅读目标和为其服务的阅读策略,对学习管理能力在阅读上的一种体现,Part Two Reading Skil

38、l,Do I read the title? Do I read any sub-headings? Do I read the first sentence of each paragraph (which should introduce the topic or idea)? Do I look at any diagrams, graphs or charts? Do I read any summaries or conclusions?,浏览,阅读意识,读什么，是否带着问题在读，划出或摘记出要点，或者对作者的观点提出质疑,Do I think about what Im readi

39、ng? Do I question what Im reading? Do I look for answers to my questions? Do I keep trying to anticipate what is coming next, or what the conclusions will be? Do I make notes of the important points, and ideas brought out by what I read? Do I challenge the assumptions of the writer, the logic of the

40、 arguments, and the validity of the conclusions? Do I take in what I read?,阅读笔记,为了帮助理解而做的描述我们思考和理解过程的符号。它可以是一句话，几个字，一些符号甚至是一些各种不同颜色的划线。阅读笔记既帮助我们思考，又记录了我们在阅读时思考的痕迹，为第二次阅读或日后复习时，能够迅速进入状态打下了基础,Do I underline and use a marker pen to highlight important words or phrases? Do I jot ideas and thoughts in th

41、e margins? Do I make notes about the points I highlighted to help myself remember them? Do I map out ideas so that I can see how everything fits together? Do I give star ratings to valuable sentences, paragraphs or pages to make them easier to find later?,2、 改善阅读习惯的方法,对所读的内容要有所了解,确定阅读的目的,要学会监测自己的阅读理

42、解效果,文章中的难点可以反复阅读,突出重点的词语,在书上做笔记的技巧,3、 应启用的阅读策略,（1） 阅读前的搜索,标题，目录、写作的风格、书后的介绍,（2）略读了解大意,略读是阅读策略中的重要一环。通过略读我们能了解文章中信息的分布情况，为下一步回答问题而查找具体信息打下基础,（3）做必要的提问,激励积极的阅读。常用以下问题,阅读前,What am I reading? (确定文章的体裁)Why am I reading? (确定文章的目的)How should I read? (确定阅读的技巧)What do I know about this topic? （确定有哪自己所知的背景知识可

43、在读中利用）,阅读中,What does this mean? （确定读懂了某一部分课文）What is the writers purpose? (作者的意图是什么？描述一个过程，报告一件事情，讨论一个问题，或提出一个建议？Could I explain to someone else what I have read? What is the author trying to tell us? （确定我们能概述课文大意）Which part should I read fast/carefully? (确定我们在阅读中保持清醒，知道我们在为寻找什么而使用哪些技巧),阅读后,What are

44、 the main point(s) of the paragraph(s)? （确定对文章的理解把握）,四、快速阅读的能力,理解是关键,速度对于我们来说也是致关重要,检查一下我们的阅读速度,改善我们的阅读,多读一些有一定难度的文章,训练眼睛的快速移动,积极主动地读、有选择地读,按照意群去选择阅读的间隔和停顿,知识难度应循序渐进,眼睛的移动应一直保持向前,1）查找具体信息 ？,2）合理变化阅读速度？,3）回顾、判断、思考？,Skimming,Scanning,根据实际需要，选择合适的策略来阅读，并在实践中不断提高我们对阅读策略的理解和运用策略的水平 。,总结,Part Three Transl

45、ating Skill,、翻译基础,1、概述,2、翻译的标准,忠实和通顺,3、翻译要注意科技英语的特点,4、翻译的步骤,定义、本质和分类,要解决的根本问题,有效途径,通读全文，了解大意 辩明语法关系，搞清句与句之间的逻辑关系； 根据原文涉及的主题或事物，确定某些多义词的词义。 选择合适的翻译技巧，按汉语习惯遣词造句，重述原文内容； 通读译文，修改与定稿。,英语,汉语,科学、正确 逻辑、严密,注重事实、概念明确 逻辑清晰、内容正确、数据精准、文字简明、术语规范,二、词语的正确理解与表达,词义选择和词义引申,保证译文质量的前提和基础,(一)、词义选择,Dr. Koope has called fo

46、r a smoke-free America by the year 2000.,词义选择忌望文生义，是一项自始至终的思维过程。一般从三个方面入手：词类；专业内容；习惯搭配和上下文,1、根据词类选择英语中很多词汇在作为不同的词类时有不同的意义，因此正确判断一个词在句子中是以哪一种词类出现，对辨别词义有很大帮助 ，如：,Glass is still the commonest material used to admit light.(名词)Roof lighting can be through transparent sheets in an ordinary sheeted sloping

47、 roof, or through a saw tooth roof. （动名词）Lightweight blocks are particularly suitable for resident construction, where structural loads are usually quite light. (形容词)The beacon lighted the plane to a safe landing. .(动词),2、根据专业内容选择，各专业相互渗透、相互影响，词义也相互变通和交叉使用的尤其是一些半专业(semi special)名词。从事科技英汉翻译时，要考虑词汇所属学

48、科和专业，以便正确理解和选择词义。,3、根据搭配习惯选择词义是非常重要的手段之一。常见的搭配有：定语的中心词、动词和介词副词、动词有不同的宾语。,Foundation:,基础、基金、创立,load:,荷载、装入、输入,deep本身的词义：深的；低沉的；酣睡的；鲜艳的；专心的；难理解的；博学的；狡猾的；剧烈的等等,a deep well, a deep voice, a deep red, deep in study, a deep mystery, a deep thinker, deep outrage.,4、在选择词义时，只靠搭配来确定一个词的词义是往往不够的。这里必须根据上下文正确判断词

49、义,A bar that is subjected to forces acting a very transverse to its axis is called a beam.,A laser is an apparatus for producing a very powerful narrow beam of light.,(二)、词义引申,上下文和逻辑关系，从词的基本含义进行引申，选择出恰当汉语词汇,1、具体化,概括、笼统、抽象,具体,Rubber is soft, it gives way to pressure,The transistor will do most of the

50、 things a triode tube will do.,2、抽象化,In order to survive, to feed, clothe, and shelter himself and his children, man has to learn how to use the things he finds in nature.,Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education.Another means used to pre

51、vent the flow of water through a barrier wall is to parge the backside of the outside wall. Many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by means of theory alone.,练习,For the purpose of this article, however, drywall construction will mean a wall constructed of gypsum. Rou

52、nd form is not a necessary shape for using concrete underground, but it is a shape that is easily constructed by the amateur or self-builder. It may be constructed of wood. There wheels are constructed smaller. The railway was being constructed at that period. Constructed a good objective test requi

53、res a great deal of time and thought.,Part Three Writing Skill,The apparent loss of weight of a substance which is immersed in a liquid equal the weight of the displaced liquid.,谓语动词简单，其它成份复杂,口语，名词简单但动词复杂,I dont want to go and buy textbook today.,写作注意事项,三、文体要求,ABC,A准确,1 正确的运用语法和句型,例如当定义时要注意语气，时态和语态,

54、A planet, as the name suggest, could be nothing but something like Mars.,According to some saying, a planet may be a heavenly sphere, such as Mars.,A planet is a heavenly sphere such as earth.,时态和一致性:,普遍真理。Water freezes at 0 .,陈述和观察事实。This type concrete contains about 30 percent sand .,描述实验。The filt

55、er paper then collects the impurities.,一般现在时,一、写作对象,二、写作目的,程度,避免偏离主题和文字冗余,I am writing this for my unit managers monthly digest of the work weve been doing because I want to stress my results and show how they fit into overall project projection for the project.,1、water has a boiling point of 100. 2

56、、the boiling point of water is 100,3、In chemistry each element has its own symbol, which is usually a capital letter followed by a small letter.,科学论述中的Be 和have,正确运用句型,People commonly say that clinical thermometers are used to find out the body temperature.,语气:陈述语气（对事实一般性的叙述）,语态:被动语态和主动语态。根据表达的意思所定。例

57、如对某一问题进行讨论时，应使用主动语态：用较少的词汇，且好理解,It is maintained by the contractor The contractor maintains that,It is commonly believed that clinical thermometers are used to determine the body temperature.,不使用意义模棱两可的词汇。在下定义、描述过程、作结论；不使用主观色彩的词汇。例如与摘要时，不要加入个人的观点、也不要使用问句和感叹句最好用第三人称。,B简洁：内容和句型,C清晰：思维的逻辑性和表达的连贯性,1、误置修

58、饰语的错误,The engineering student made a big mess wearing the red hat.,1）修饰语应靠近所修饰的词,2）当almost, even, hardly, just, merely, only, nearly, scarcely等词在句中时，一定要放在中心词的靠近处，否则会发生逻辑错误.,We solved three question only. We solved only three question.,3）修饰性从句同中心词保持明显的关系,She borrowed a car from his friend that was ba

59、d.,From his friend, she borrowed a car that was bad.,4)避免不一致的修饰语,The Moto 1100 is a small family car. It has a small engine which is in the front. The engine has a capacity of 1,100 cubic centimeters. It is a front wheel drive car. The gear lever is on the floor. There are seats for four or five people. It has four forward gears and a reverse. It has a maximum speed of about 130 km an hour. One advantage of this car is that has a very low fuel co