哈佛论文引用系统 (Harvard Reference system)

1、A guide to Harvard referencing Quote, Unquote 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page A Skills for Learning, Leeds Metropolitan University, 2009. Except as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication cannot be reproduced, stored or transmitted in

2、any form or by any means, without the prior permission of Skills for Learning. 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page B Introduction.2 Harvard referencing: the basics.4 How to cite sources in your work. .7 How to create your list of references or bibliography.16 Examples of refe

3、rences.24 Bibliography.80 Index.82 Contents http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk1 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 1 Getting good marks for your assignments depends on many things, one of them is accurate referencing of sources you have consulted. Make sure you get all o

4、f the marks allocated for referencing; this could be as much as ten per cent of the total. It is not hard all you need to do is keep accurate notes of your sources and follow an accepted academic referencing system. The author-date or Harvard method of referencing is the standard at Leeds Metropolit

5、an University. Although the Harvard system was originally developed in the USA, it has become the most common system in use internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academic journals. Harvard has the advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use, both for autho

6、r and reader. Sources are cited in the body of the text and listed alphabetically in the bibliography or list of references. Quote, Unquote is an authoritative source on author-date referencing practice which makes using Harvard easy as the details of how to reference different types of sources are

7、all here for you to consult, as and when you need to. Quote, Unquote is produced at Leeds Metropolitan University by the Skills for Learning team who support and develop all aspects of academic writing, including good referencing practice. Introduction http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk2 36337 Q

8、uote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 2 The advice in this booklet conforms to: British Standards Institution (1983) BS6371:1983. Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents. London, BSI. British Standards Institution (1989) BS1629:1989. Recommendation for references to publ

9、ished materials. London, BSI. British Standards Institution (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI. British Standards Institution (2000) BS5261-1:2000. Copy preparation and proof correction. Design and layout of documents. London, BSI. h

10、ttp:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk3 Notes There are variations in referencing practice across different subjects and courses, particularly around the list or lists which appear at the end of a piece of work usually called the bibliography or list of references. Check course documentation or any o

11、ther guidance you are given. Harvard is NOT necessarily the same as a publishers house style. When writing an article for inclusion in a professional journal, you must consult the editors notes on the style used in the specific publication. 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page

12、 3 Why should I reference? Good referencing makes it easy for the reader to see where the ideas behind your writing have come from. Referring to the work of established experts in your subject area gives your writing authority and demonstrates to tutors that you have researched the topic properly. T

13、hey should get enough information from your references to allow them to check any of the sources themselves, if they need to. Most importantly, good referencing should protect you from any possibility of committing plagiarism. Plagiarism is a term used in academia for passing off other peoples work

14、as your own. This includes material or ideas from any sources, whether written, internet or audiovisual media, even ideas from other students or academic staff. Leeds Metropolitan University defines plagiarism as the substantial unacknowledged incorporation in a students work of material derived fro

15、m the work (published or unpublished) of another. Work includes internet sources. (Leeds Metropolitan University, 2002, C9. 3.8). Harvard referencing: the basics http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk4 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 4 How should I reference? There are tw

16、o stages to referencing sources for a piece of academic writing using the author-date or Harvard system. 1. Refer to the source in your text (the citation). 2. Give full details of the source in your bibliography or list of references at the end of your work (the reference). http:/skillsforlearning.

17、leedsmet.ac.uk5 Tip When you are searching the literature on your chosen subject, save or note down all the required details of the sources that you find at that time. If you dont do this, you might not be able to accurately describe the sources you have used and you will have additional work when y

18、ou need to list these in your bibliography or list of references. 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 5 http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk6 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 6 The first part of good referencing is what you put in the text of your

19、 assignment each time you use someone elses work. When you use other peoples work you might be: Paraphrasing rephrasing the original ideas or opinions in your own words. Summarising writing a short description of the ideas or opinions in your own words but giving your own interpretation of what the

20、source says, rather than a simple rephrasing. Referring to a source mentioning the work without giving much information about the content. Quoting using the actual words from the source enclosed in quotation marks. Using statistics or data from a source, such as financial information or market resea

21、rch. Inserting the authors name and date of publication Using the author-date or Harvard system of referencing does not require any numbering or footnotes on each page. In most cases where you are paraphrasing, summarising or referring to a source, simply insert the authors name and the date of publ

22、ication in brackets after you summarise, paraphrase or mention the information you have taken from the source. How to cite sources in your work http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk7 Example Workers in teams tend to adopt particular roles (Belbin 1996). 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5

23、/09 09:44 Page 7 Where the authors name appears naturally in your work In many cases, you can simply insert the authors name, followed by the date of publication in brackets, into your text. The reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabetical

24、 list of references or bibliography at the end of your document. This system shows at a glance the authority used, and how recent or contemporary the information might be. The reader cannot tell which type of resource is being cited unless you mention whether it is a book, article, website etc. You

25、might occasionally choose to include this information, either to help with the flow of your writing, or if the type of source is relevant to the point you are making. http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk8 Example Role theory applied to the behaviour of individuals in teams was first elaborated on

26、by Belbin (1996) who suggested that Example In his classic book on team work, Belbin (1996) outlined nine roles which might be played by the different members of a team. However 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 8 Paraphrasing or summarising from a specific page or pages If

27、 giving specific information from an identifiable page or pages within a lengthy source such as a book or report, you may consider it appropriate to give the page number(s) as well as the date, enclosed in brackets, in your citation. Page numbers should always be given for direct quotations (see dir

28、ect quotations on page 13). Where the author is a company or organisation (corporate author) An organisation such as a company, university or government department can be the author of a publication. Often, the same organisation will also be the publisher. Just cite them in your text as you would a

29、person. http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk9 Example Maxwell (2008, p.213) gives three possible reasons for high levels of personal debt. These are Example Some further research in this area conducted by the Stroke Care Association (2007) seemed to show that many patients regard their interaction

30、s with nursing staff as 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 9 Citing without author If the source is anonymous (has no personal or corporate author) use the title instead. If there is no date on the source If you do not know the date of publication, use n.d. (which stands for

31、 not dated) in place of the year after the authors name in your text. This is often used for citing websites, which do not usually have a visible date of publication. Multiple authors One, two or three authors of the same work Give the names of the authors, separated by commas and an ampersand Brown

32、 2001; Jones 2004) indicating that 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 11 Author has more than one item published in the same year Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author. More than one author with

33、 the same surname and the same year Authors initials should only be used when two or more authors being cited in the same assignment have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion. http:/skillsforlearning.lee

34、dsmet.ac.uk12 Practice on citing multiple authors varies across the University. Check any guidance you are given. Example “this demonstrates that my theory of motivation is sound.” (Robinson, J., 1998, p.23). This was challenged later the same year (Robinson, M., 1998). Example Morgan (2001a) gives

35、a useful description of this process as followed later in the same assignment by Morgan (2001b) points out the paradox inherent in trying to achieve this; she acknowledges that 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 12 Direct quotations If you are directly quoting the authors ow

36、n words in your writing you should enclose these in quotation marks and give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. If other details of parts of the document are required, for example, section numbers track or title numbers of sound recordings, these shou

37、ld appear after the date within the brackets. The standard abbreviations are: page (p.), pages (pp.), section (s.) and sections (ss.). Missing out part of the original quotation (use of ellipsis) If you want to use selected parts of the original quotation, then use ellipsis. This means a series of d

38、ots (usually three) to denote that some words are missing. These should also be used if you are opening a quotation part way through a sentence. http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk13 Example “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a f

39、ew forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved” (Darwin, 1859, p.490). Example “There is grandeur in this view of life from so s

40、imple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved” (Darwin, 1859, p.490). 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 13 Adding an extra word or words to make a quotation clearer If you want to add something to a quotation to clarify

41、meaning or correct the authors grammar, then your extra word or words should be inserted using square brackets. If you have already used the authors name If the authors name features in your text immediately before the quotation, just give the date and page number(s) in the brackets. But you must en

42、sure that the “ownership” of the quotation is clear. http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk14 Example “They the council employees were debating working practices all that year and still reached no consensus” (James, 1999, p.22). Example Or as Darwin so eloquently phrased it, “There is grandeur in th

43、is view of life from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved” (1859, p.490). 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 14 Secondary referencing (source cited within another source) You might want to cite a piece of wor

44、k mentioned or quoted within another authors work. This is known as a secondary reference as you have not actually seen the original source yourself. In the text of your essay or assignment, cite both the original source and the secondary source, where you actually read about it, using the words quo

45、ted in or cited in depending on whether the source gives a direct quotation from, or a summary of, the original. In your bibliography: Include the date and publication details of the piece of work, and then Quoted in: or Cited in: followed by the reference for the source you have actually seen. http

46、:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk15 Example Smith (2001, quoted in Jones, 2004, p.63) gives an excellent prcis of different research philosophies. “Whichever philosophical position taken” Example Smith, R. (2001) How to research. Research Weekly, 12 (8) October, pp.17-20. Quoted in: Jones, F. (2004

47、) Researching your dissertation. Research Today, 4 (6) March, pp.61-67 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 15 The list of references or bibliography (or both) comes at the end of your essay or assignment. It is important to: Be consistent. Follow the Harvard style. Give enoug

48、h information for the reader to locate the source in the future. The relevant British Standard distinguishes between a bibliography and a list of references as follows: “A bibliography identifies books and articles relevant to the text; it is not restricted to items cited in the text. A list of refe

49、rences is confined to publications cited in the text” (BSI, 2000, p.16). There are three possibilities for listing references: 1. A list of references giving full details of all the items you have cited in the text of your essay or assignment. Only sources which match citations in the text will be i

50、ncluded. (Some tutors refer to this as a bibliography). 2. A bibliography giving full details of all items cited in your text plus any other relevant items which you have consulted for background. 3. Two separate listings: a list of references which gives full details of all items cited in your text

51、, plus a separate bibliography of background reading. Which of these options you use will depend on the conventions of the subject you are studying and any particular requirements of your course or module. How to create your list of references or bibliography http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk16

52、 Tip Accepted practice varies across subjects; take careful note of advice given in course documentation, or by your course tutors, on what is required. 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 16 Your list of references or bibliography is organised alphabetically by author, wheth

53、er a person or organisation, or by title where there is no author. It is evidence of all the sources you have used in your research. With the exception of any items included for background purposes (see above), the author and date from each reference in your bibliography have already appeared in the

54、 text of your essay or assignment. A reader can move easily between the citations in the text and your list in order to check the relevant details. Highlight the title of each item listed using bold type, or underlining, or italics. Whichever you choose, you must be consistent for all the references

55、 in your bibliography. Bold type is now most prevalent. In your list of references or bibliography, in order to maintain consistency, use only the initial letters of the writers first name; even if you have more information. For example, Mohr, L. or Bowlby, J. ed. and eds. are suitable abbreviations

56、 for editor and editors; for example, Spence, B. ed. In your list of references or bibliography for example Bennett, H. this has been adopted by many courses in the University. However, some tutors may recommend a different style. Check any advice given in course documentation, or by your course tut

57、ors, on what is required. http:/skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk18 36337 Quote Unquote Booklet-POB:Layout 1 21/5/09 09:44 Page 18 Authors or originators of the publication The authority or source of the information could include an individual, an organisation (corporate author) or an editor. No auth

58、or Where the author is not identifiable and there is no corporate author, start your reference with the title. Corporate authors An organisation such as a company, university or government department can be the author of a publication. Often, the same organisation will also be the publisher. Cite and reference them as you would a person. In the text of your essay or assignment: http:/skillsforle