第二章 手工艺设计阶段.ppt

1、,第二章 手工艺设计阶段 手工艺设计阶段由原始社会后期开始,经过奴隶社会、封建社会一直延续到工业革命前。在数千年漫长的发展历程中,人类创造了光辉灿烂的手工艺设计文明,各地区、各民族都形成了具有鲜明特色的设计传统。在设计的各个领域,如建筑、金属制品、陶瓷、家属、装饰、交通工具等方面,都留下了无数的杰作,这些丰富的设计文化正是我们今天工业设计发展的重要源泉。,手工艺设计阶段有两个重要的特点 ：,一是由于生活方式和生产力水平的局限,设计的产品大都是功能较简单的生活用品 。（如陶瓷制品、家具以及各种工具 ）,二是由于设计、生产、销售一体化,使设计者与消费者彼此非常了解,这就在设计者与使用者之间建立了一

2、种信任感,使设计者有一种对产品和使用者负责的责任心,努力满足不同消费者的不同需要,因而产生了众多优秀的设计作品。,我国家具工艺的历史虽然悠久,但是种类并不是很多。唐以前人们大多席地而坐,宋时才渐渐采用桌椅。随着生活方式的改变,促进了家具工艺的发展,在明代达到鼎盛。 明代家具大致有以下几大类:椅凳类,有官帽椅、灯挂椅、圈椅、方凳等;几案类;床榻类;台架类;屏座类。其中主要的特色是:注意材料质地,多用硬质树种,所以又称硬木家具;充分体现木材的自然纹理与色泽,不加油漆;注意家具造型,采用木构架的结构,与中国传统建筑的木构架很相似。,明代家具发展的原因主要在于三个方面 (1)园林建筑兴起 (2)木材丰

3、富 (3)木工具的发展 明代家具的艺术特色,可以用四个字来概括,即简、厚、精、雅。简是指它造型洗练,不繁琐,不堆砌,落落大方。厚是指它形象浑厚,具有庄穆、质朴的效果。精是指它做工精细,一线一面,曲直转折,严谨准确,一丝不苟。雅是指它风格曲雅,令人耐看,不落俗套,具有很高的艺术格调。,古埃及金字塔最成熟的代表是公元前27-26世纪建于开罗近郊的吉萨金字塔群,它由三座巨大的金字塔组成。它们都是精确的正方锥体,形式极其单纯,其中最大的一座是库富金字塔,高146.6m,底边长230.6m,是人类设计史上最辉煌的杰作之一. 埃及家具几乎都带有兽形样的腿,而且前后腿的方向一致,这是古埃及家具与后来古希腊、

4、罗马家具的一个重要区别。,希腊家具中最杰出的代表是一种称为克里斯姆斯(Klismos)的靠椅。靠椅线条极其优美,从力学角度上来说是很科学的,从舒适的角度上来讲也是很优秀的,它与早期的希腊家具及埃及家具那种僵直线条形成了强烈对比。在任何地方只要有一件受希腊风格影响的家具存在,则它一定是这种优美线条的再现。这种式样的椅腿非常结实,很可能是采用了加热弯木的方法,而不是用大块木头砍制出来的。 希腊家具上也有兽腿形的装饰,但他们放弃了埃及人那种4足一致的做法,而改变成4足均向外或均向内的样式。,古希腊柱式不仅被广泛用于各种建筑物中,也被后人作为古典文化的象征,用于家具、室内装饰、日用产品之中,工业革命早

5、期的一些机器甚至按希腊柱式作立柱。因此,了解“柱式”结构,这对于学习工业设计史是十分必要的。,古希腊柱式：,Renaissance - A revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, particularly in Italy, but also in Germany and other European countries. The period was characterized by a renewe

6、d interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and design and included an emphasis on human beings, their environment, science, and philosophy.,Renaissance （文艺复兴）,revival苏醒, 复兴 rebirth复活, 新生 Philosophy哲学, 哲学体系,文艺复兴时代，一反中世纪刻板的设计风格,追求具有人情味的曲线和优美的层次,并把眼光重新投向古代艺术,试图从希腊和罗马的古典艺术中吸取营养。,Renaissance （文艺复兴）,到17世纪时

7、文艺复兴运动衰落,由此欧洲的设计进入了一个新的历史时期,史称浪漫时期。浪漫时期的设计风格主要是巴洛克式和洛可可式,这两种风格的流行时间和地点都有所不同 。,Baroque - The art style or movement of the Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century. Although some features appear in Dutch art, the Baroque style was limited mainly to Catholic countries. It is a style in which pain

8、ters, sculptors, and architects sought emotion, movement, and variety in their works.,Baroque （巴洛克）,Counter-Reformation(针对某种改革的)反改革 Dutch art荷兰艺术 Catholic天主教的 sculptor雕刻家,巴洛克(Baroque)的原意是畸形的珍珠,专指珠宝表面的不平整感。后来被人们用来作为一种设计风格的代名词。其主要流行地区是意大利。,Barque （巴洛克）,这种风格一反文艺复兴时代艺术的庄严、含蓄、均衡而追求豪华、浮夸和矫揉做作的表面效果,它突破了古典艺

9、术的常规。这种设计风格集中体现于天主教的教堂上,并影响到了家具和室内设计。,Louis XIVs desire to glorify his dignity and the magnificence of France had been well served by the monumental and formal qualities of most seventeenth-century French art. But members of the succeeding court began to decorate their elegant homes in a lighter, mo

10、re delicate manner.,Rococo （洛可可）,Louis XIV路易十四 glorify使更壮丽, 赞扬 dignity尊严, 高贵 magnificence富丽堂皇,monumental纪念碑的 Succeeding 随后的 court法院, 朝廷, 宫庭 delicate精巧的, 精致的,This new style has been known since the last century as rococo, from the French word, rocaille, for rock and shell garden ornamentation. First

11、emerging in the decorative arts, the rococo emphasized pastel colors, sinuous curves, and patterns based on flowers, vines, and shells.,Rococo （洛可可）,rocaille花园石贝装饰物, 状似贝壳的装饰 rock 岩石, 暗礁 shell贝壳, 壳 ornamentation装饰, 装饰品,pastel柔和的 sinuous蜿蜒的, vine藤, 蔓 ornamentation装饰, 装饰品,洛可可(Rococo)原意是指岩石和贝壳的意思,特指盛行于1

12、8世纪法国路易十五时代的一种艺术风格,主要体现于建筑的室内装饰和家具等设计领域。其基本特征是具有纤细、轻巧的妇女体态的造型,华丽和繁琐的装饰,在构图上有意强调不对称。装饰的题材有自然主义的倾向,最喜欢用的是千变万化地舒卷着、纠缠着的草叶,此外还有蚌壳、蔷薇和棕榈。洛可可式的色彩十分娇艳,如嫩绿、粉红、猩红等,线脚多用金色。,Rococo （洛可可）,娇艳多用嫩绿、粉红、玫瑰红等鲜艳的浅色调,Aesthetic attitudes and principles based on the culture, art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome,

13、 and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restrained emotion. Classicism and Neoclassicism, in the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produc

14、ed in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity. Thus the terms Classicism and Neoclassicism are often used interchangeably.,Classicism （古典主义）,17世纪时,随着欧洲的贸易中心从地中海区域转移到大西洋沿岸,国家的权力集中于君主制政府中,这一点集中体现于路易十四王朝。为了

15、表现绝对君权的统治,以古罗马帝国建筑为范本的古典主义形成,其典型代表是凡尔赛宫。古典主义风格的特点是简洁、和谐、合理并富有纪念性,与同时期意大利巴洛克风格的混乱与堆砌形成鲜明对比。,Classicism （古典主义）,Term that, with the related words classic and Classical, is used in various (and often confusing) ways in the history and criticism of the arts. In its broadest sense, Classicism is used as t

16、he opposite of Romanticism, characterizing art in which adherence to recognized aesthetic ideals is accorded greater importance that individuality of expression.,Classicism （古典主义）,characterizing art表现艺术 adherence粘着, 忠诚, 坚持 recognized公认的, 经过验证的,The word often implies direct inspiration from antique a

17、rt, but this is not a necessary part of the concept, and according to context the word might be intended to convey little more than the idea of clarity of expression, or alternatively of conservatism. In the context of Greek art, the term Classical has a more precise meaning, referring to the period

18、 between the Archaic and Hellenistic periods, when Greek culture is thought to have attained its greatest splendor. The term classic is used to refer to the best or most representative example of its kind in any field or period.,Classicism （古典主义）,little more than和.无差别一样 conservatism保守主义, 守旧性 archaic

19、古老的, 古代的, 陈旧的 Hellenistic希腊风格的, 希腊文化的,combines the following tenets: 1. a regard for tradition and reverence for the classics, with an accompanying distrust of innovation 2. a sense of literature as art-that is, as something artificed or artificial, made by craft; hence the value put on rules, conve

20、ntions, decorum, the properties of received genres. 3. a concern for social reality, and the communal commonplaces of thought which hold it together.,Neoclassicism （新古典主义）,reverence尊敬, 敬重 innovation改革, 创新 decorum礼貌 genre类型, 流派法,4. a concern for nature-or the way things are (and should be). This relates back to the distrust of innovation and inherent conservatism of neoclassicism.This belief in nature implies a conviction that there is a permanen