新 3非谓语动词.ppt

1、非谓语动词Non-Predicate Verbs,不定式、动名词和分词 Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles,非谓语动词 Non-finite Verbs,分词 Participle,不定式 infinitive,动名词 gerund,性质,它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。 动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语

2、成分,动名词 gerund,一般形式 1.可泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义； V-ing eg. Swimming is his favourite sport. 2.可表示伴随，即同时发生； eg. They went out of the house, talking and laughing. 完成式 表示已完成的动作 having done eg. Having been an secretary for many years, she knows how to please the boss. V-ing 作宾语时，可用一般式代替完成式 eg. I remembered seein

3、g the film.(having seen the film) 被动式 逻辑主语是V-ing形式表示的动作的承受者 being done eg. The question being discussed is a difficult one.,注意,动名词作主语&表语,1.直接置于句首 eg. Seeing is believing. 2.至于句末，句首为形式主语(否定多用） eg. It is no use crying over the spilt milk. There is no joking about such things. A.表示主语内容 eg. His job is s

4、ending letters. B.表示主语特征 eg. The problem is quite puzzling.,作主语,作表语,动名词作宾语,1.作只能接V-ing的动词的宾语 eg. Fancy meeting you here. 此类动词中常见的： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like

5、 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cant help 情不自禁,2.作既能接V-ing也能接不定式的动词的宾语 eg. I like playing/ to play basketball. 这类动词常见的有：attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer 有些动词在接动名词与不定式时表达的意义不同 come to do表示一个渐渐发展的过程 eg. I hope we shall be friends

6、and come to understand one another. come doing表示陪衬性的动作 eg. It was already two oclock when she came hurrying in. go on to do做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 eg. Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. go on doing继续做同一件事。 eg. Though it was raining heavily, they went on worki

7、ng, mean to do想要做某事 eg. I didnt mean to hurt you. mean doing意味着要有一个结果 eg. Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 3.作介词宾语,注意,动名词作宾语补足语,1.在表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语，如： see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find, etc. eg. We heard the children shouti

8、ng upstairs.eg. I felt my heart beating violently. 2. 在表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语，如：have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, etc.eg.I wont have you running about in the room.eg.We kept the fire burning all night long. 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，不用动词-ing形式。 eg. I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.,注意,动名词作定语

9、,1.作前置定语，一般具有两种含义 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能 a drawing board画板 a sewing machine缝纫机 a swimming pool游泳池 a waiting room 候车室 a dining car 餐车 a driving permit驾驶许可证 a singing competition歌咏比赛 a walking stick手杖 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态 developing countries = countries that are developing

10、an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. They lived in a house facing south.,动名词作状语,可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。 动名词作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 eg.Having made full

11、 preparations, we are ready for the examination时间 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.原因 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 表结果,相当于并列谓语 e.g._a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received,c,不定式,一、作主语 （1）动

12、词不定式作主语时，谓语动词常常用单数。例如： To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利于我们的健康。 To sweep the floor is my duty every day. 每天打扫地板是我的责任。 （2）如果动词不定式太长，常常用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语动词不定式后置。例如： It took me half an hour to walk there我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。 Its important for us to learn English well对我们来说，学好英语是重要的。,二、作宾语

13、 （1）能够接动词不定式作宾语的有 agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 及 would like/love 等动词，但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等动词后面通常只能接动名词作宾语。例如： I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再度访问此地。 She enjoys reading very much她非常喜

14、欢读书。 The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 （2）动词不定式与名等词构成复合宾语时，通常要用 it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式后置。例如： I think it our duty to obey the laws. 我认为遵守法律是我们的义务。 I found it difficult to see him here. 我发现在这里见到他是很难的。,三、作补足语 （1）某些动词在主动式中后接动词不定式作宾语补足语；在被动式中，由于原来的宾语变成了主语，故原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。这类动词

15、常用的有 consider, expect, tell, want, warn, wish，invite等。例如： They told him not to be late again.他们告诉他不要再迟到了。He was told not to be late again. She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday昨天她请我一起进餐。 2）在feel（一感），listen to，hear（二听），let，make，have（三让），look at，see，watch，notice（四看）等词之后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，强调动作的

16、完成过程；它们作被动句的谓语时，to要补上。如： I heard her sing todayShe sang wonderfully今天我听见她唱歌了，她唱得非常精彩。 She was heard to sing today今天有人听见她唱歌了。 She is often heard to sing this song（by us）我们经常听见她唱这首歌。,四、作状语 动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动式。例如： Come to see me again soon. 尽快再来看我。 I trembled to think of

17、it. 我一想到那件事就不寒而栗。 You couldnt do that to save your life. 你即使为了救自己也不能那样做。 (2) only to do only to do sth. 与 only doing sth. 都可作表示结果的状语，区别是：only to do sth. 表示一个与主语愿望相反的或出乎主语意料的结果, 或用来暗示最初的未能实现的动作；only doing sth. 表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果。例如： I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,结果最后却是失败。 He died, only lea

18、ving nothing but debts. 他死了,只留下一身债,五、作表语 （1）动词不定式往往放在系动词be（，become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表语，表示将来的情况，说明主语的内容。例如： My wish is to become a teacher我的愿望是当一名教师。 Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打扫操场。 （2）如果系动词后的动词说明主语的性质，特征，相当于形容词。这时就要用现在分词作表语，而不用不定式。例如： He said that the story was

19、 interesting他说这则故事很有趣。 六、和疑问词连用： 不定式前可用what，who，which，where，when，how，why等疑问词构成不定式短语，这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。（1）作主语。例如： When to start has not been decided. 什么时候出发还没定下来。 （2）作表语。例如： The question is how to do the job well. 问题是怎样做好这项工作。 （3）作宾语。例如： He told me where to find the book. 他告诉我了在哪找到这本书的。 Do you kn

20、ow how to play football? 你知道怎样踢足球吗？,七、作定语 （1）动词不定式常常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式；如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，该动词不定式要用被动式。例如： Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今晚有什么事要做吗? I am going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 明天我要去上海。你有什么东西要捎去的吗? （2）动词不定式作定语往往表示尚未发生的动作

21、，如果动作已发生或正在发生，一般用现在分词作定语。例如： I have no pen to write with我没有钢笔写字。 The man standing there is Li Ming. 站在那里的那个人是李明。,分词,1、分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you ca

22、n make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when

23、, once, although, until, if等连词。 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass th

24、e final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.,3、分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a

25、night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries. 4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, li

26、sten to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。,_ is not a serious disadvantage in life. A) To be not tall B) Not to be tall C) Being not tall D) Not being tall ,不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no, -

27、less等否定词的句子里， 常用动名词作主语。 It is useless talking with her. It is no good discussing with her. 含否定意义的短语如：no use, such a pity, a waste of time, not an easy task.,如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式（平行结构）。 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.,I dont regret _ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. A)

28、 not to accept B) not having accepted C) having not accepted D) not accepting,非谓语动词作补语Non-predicate verbs as the complement,The Minister of Finance is believed _ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. A) that he is thinking B) to be thinking C) that he is to think D) to think,_, he can now on

29、ly watch it on TV at home. A) Obtaining not a ticket for the match B) Not obtaining a ticket for the match C) Not having obtained a ticket for the match D) Not obtained a ticket for the match,现在分词的独立结构Absolute Construction of present participles,1) 表时间。 The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shon

30、e again. 2) 表原因。 The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off.,3) 表条件。 Time permitting, we will have a meeting. 4) 表方式和伴随情况。 Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the playground. He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.,现在分词独立结构之前可用介词with, 比较口语化。 With Mr. Ade ta

31、king the lead, they decided to set up a trading company. We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead.,过去分词的独立结构 Absolute Construction of past participles,This done, we went home. All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. It rained and rained, vehicles bogged down an

32、d bridges washed out.,Practice,There are only ten apples left in the baskets, _ the spoilt ones. A) not counting B) not to count C) dont count D) having not counted,Whats the chance of _ a general election this year? A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be If not _ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated,Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by f