At-war-with-the-planet课件(精读6第三课).ppt

1、Lesson 3,At War with the Planet Barry Commoner,Warm-up questions,What are some factors threatening the environment? Have you done anything that is harmful to the environment in your daily life?,some threatening factors,Population growth Global warming Depletion of the Ozone Layer (ozone hole) Habita

2、t Destruction and Species Extinction (deforestation, desertification, dust storm, mudslide, flood, drought, etc.) Air Pollution (acid rain) Water Pollution Groundwater Contamination Chemical Risks (use of chemical fertilizer) Energy Production (nuclear energy),Ozone Layer Hole,Ozone is a gas that bl

3、ocks harmful ultraviolet sunlight. Industrial chemicals released into the atmosphere have caused ozone to break down. Low levels of ozone are shown in blue.,Gully Erosion (沟状侵蚀),a severe form of soil erosion, greatly accelerated by human activities such as urbanization, deforestation, overgrazing of

4、 cattle, etc. as they remove the remaining soil.,Depletion of underground water caused by deforestation,Deforestation,Widespread deforestation are caused by human activities, such as commercial logging, agriculture, mining, and oil exploration, etc.,Acid Rain,caused by the combination of sulfur diox

5、ide and nitrogen compounds rain with a very low ph. Normally, rainwater has a ph of 6.5, making it slightly acidic. However, with the addition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, the ph of rainwater may drop to as low as 2.0 or 3.0, making it dangerously acidic. chemically burns the leaves of plants,

6、poisons lake water, kills most of the aquatic inhabitants.,Forest Damaged by Acid Rain,Some terms in this lesson,Ozone layer Global warming Solar radiation / energy Ultraviolet light Carcinogenic synthetic pesticides Microorganism Photosynthesis Fossil fuels Organic compounds bacteria and molds alga

7、e Carbon dioxide,臭氧层 全球变暖 太阳辐射 紫外线 致癌的合成杀虫剂 微生物 光合作用 化石燃料 有机合成物 细菌和真菌 藻类 二氧化碳,Outline of the text,Para. 1: what are the two worlds? theme: the two worlds are at war Paras. 2-5: why are the two worlds at war? Paras. 6-14: the two worlds are governed by different laws Paras. 15-16: consequence of inco

8、mpatibility between the two worlds Paras. 17-21: the issue should be understood in terms of their interplay Paras. 22-23: how to solve the conflict between the two worlds,Questions for Paras. 1-4,How was the responsibility divided? What is the present situation concerning this responsibility?,Why is

9、 the image of the earth misleading? Can you name some other harmful effects that human exert on the environment?,Paras. 1-2 What are “the two worlds” ? Some examples about the two worlds? Paras. 3-4,Paras. 1-2,exempt a. relieve, free 免除的 breach v. to break a law, promise, agreement or relationship 违

10、背， 违反 unwitting a. unintentional 不知情的， 无意的 portend v. to warn that sth. bad is likely to happen in the future 预兆（坏事的发生） exert v. put to use 运用 fluctuate v. to move or sway 摇动,In folklore, the sorcerers apprentice accidentally flooded sorcerers house because he learned to make a broom fetch water but

11、 not how to make it stop.,Sorcerers Apprentice 魔法师的门徒,Earth Portrait taken from space,Paras. 3-4,mundane a. ordinary 普通的 fleecy a. (of fabrics) having soft nap produced by brushing 羊毛似的，起绒的 overt a. open, obvious 明显的；公然的 esoteric a. mysterious or beyond understanding 神秘的；难懂的 residue n. something lef

12、t after other parts have been taken away 残留物 noxious a. harmful or dangerous 有毒的，有害的 niche n. a small concavity 小凹陷处 radioactivity n. the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay 辐射， 放射线,Exercises,_ the agreement they had made with their employer the _ v

13、ictims of a drugs dealer earthquakes were used to be believed to _ the end of the world. _ tasks as eating or drinking _ criticism _ religious teachings exposed to high levels of _,mundane radioactivity breach overt unwitting esoteric portend,mundane,esoteric,unwitting,breach,radioactivity,overt,por

14、tend,Phrases and expressions,be free of / from without sth. be exempt from not affected by sth. on a planetary / large / small / global scale 以.程度/规模 tamper with to interfere with become accustomed to be used to sth.,Para. 5,How do the two worlds interact with each other? A vicious cycle: The techno

15、sphere alters the ecosphere The altered ecosphere threatens the technosphere Conclusion: the two worlds are at war.,grandiose a. impressive because of unnecessary largeness or grandeur; used to show disapproval; enormous 宏伟的；巨大的 bountiful a. sufficient 足够的 instigate v. to arouse 煽动，引起 counterattack

16、n. a returned attack against 反击,Exercises,_ plans / ideas for making money Both sides accuse each other of _ the fighting. The Republicans have launched a strong _ against the Democrats. _ plants / system They tend to regard people on welfare as _ s.,parasite counterattack instigating aquatic grandi

17、ose,aquatic,parasite,grandiose,instigating,counterattack,laws governing the two worlds,Laws of the ecosphere everything is connected to everything else (Para. 6) everything has to go somewhere (Para. 10) nature knows best: a conservative network (Para. 12),Laws of the technosphere man-made objects a

18、re hardly suitable to their habitat (Para. 79) it is dominated by linear processes rather than a network (Para. 11) a rapid process of change and variation (Para. 13),Para. 6 The first law of ecology,A fish is a parent / a habitat / a fish / a producer / a prey / a consumer conclusion: the fish is s

19、uitable in the network,Example: What is the multifunction of a fish in an aquatic ecosystem?,elaborate a. complicated 详细的；复杂的 parasite n. 寄生虫 existentially ad. in the living fact of case 存在地 precede v. to happen or appear prior to sth.先于出现,The first law of technosphere,Examples (Paras. 7-9) : cars (

20、Paras. 7-8) farms: the application of chemical fertilizer (Para. 9) How are these things unsuitable to the environment? Do you know some other harmful man-made objects?,attack on sth. / assault on sth. 攻击 impose sb. on sth. force sb to accept salable a. for sale 适于销售的 commodity n. product for sale 商

21、品 afflict v. to suffer 折磨；使痛苦 with little regard for without consideration property n. characteristics or qualities 性质，特质,The first law of technosphere (Para. 9),The sole purpose of a farm: producing crops The sole purpose of nitrogen fertilizer: raising yields, increasing chemical industrys profits

22、 consequence: drinking water is polluted.,Vocabulary,clash n. conflict or shock 冲击 agronomist a person who studies the growing of crops 农（艺）学家 take up to absorb progressively adv. gradually 逐渐地 nitrate n. 硝酸盐,Para. 10 The second law of ecology,Example: fish carbon dioxide aquatic plants oxygen fish

23、fish organic compounds aquatic bacteria & molds nitrate aquatic algae fish Conclusion: there is no waste,A closed cyclical process of aquatic ecosystem,a simplified ecosystem,snakes,Frogs,Insects,Plants,Ecosystem,This illustration presents a simplified ecosystem, or a community of interacting living

24、 and nonliving things. Producers, consumers and decomposers form an integrated, functioning whole driven by the Suns energy. Each elements role in the ecosystem is illustrated here.,respire v. to breathe in and out 呼吸 excrete v. 排泄 compound n. 化合物 metabolize v. 使新陈代谢 ingest v. to take food or other

25、substances into your body (digest) 吸收 deplete to use up 使枯竭；耗尽,Exercises,Plants photosynthesise during the day more rapidly than they _ at night. It is not a drug because the body does not _ it. Most toxins(毒素) are naturally _ from the body. This poison had been _ by our two patients. Algae can bloc

26、k light and _ oxygen from the water.,ingest deplete excrete respire metabolize,ingest,metabolized,excrete,respire,deplete,Para. 11 The second law of technosphere,crops / animals people waste (residue) rivers / oceans (as an intruder of the natural aquatic ecosystem) uranium power radioactive waste C

27、onclusion: goods are converted into waste and waste goes nowhere.,My example: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,Industrialization has contributed additional carbon dioxide to the environment.,flush v. to drain a treatment plant n. a cyclical factory uranium n. 铀 ineffectually adv. 没效果地；不起作用地 sewage n

28、. 下水道,Phrases and expressions,thus far so far be guarded from be prevented from be consistent / compatible with leave sb to ones own devices to be free to do as one wishes, to leave sb alone to do as they wish array of large number of with respect to about, considering lament over / about to feel or

29、 express great sadness or disappointment about sth.,Para. 12: the third law of ecology,Para. 12: law of ecology harmony is based on a very long period of evolution,Paras. 13-14: law of the technosphere inconsistency is based on rapid change and variation,Examples: means of transportation writing too

30、ls development of synthetic organic chemistry Nylon: a useful new commodity a harmful intruder,Translation (Para. 12),The biological sector of the ecosphere ecological niche that they occupy. finely adv. precisely 精细地；准确地 tuned a. harmonious 经过调整的；和谐的 adaptation n. adjustment 适应 生态圈中的生物部分，即生物圈，是由从这样

31、的试验中生存下来的生物构成的。它们之所以能够生存下来是因为它们进行了很好的调整，适应了它们所居住的某种生态环境。,Para. 13,relentless a. merciless 无情的 array n. list or display 大批；一系列 quill n. 羽毛管 innocuous adj. harmless 无害的 urea n. 尿素 imitative a. 模仿的 polymer n. 聚合物 cellulose n. 纤维素 biodegradable a. 能进行生物降解的 tract n. 食道 cordage n. 缆绳，绳索,Para. 14,Examples:

32、 development of petrochemical industry In what way are the petrochemical products dangerous and harmful to the ecosystem?,shorthand n. a fast way of writing using abbreviations and symbols 速记 petrochemical n. 石油化工产品 insidious a. treacherous, gradually and secretly causing harm 潜在的，暗中为害的 enzyme n. 酶,

33、Exercises,Some mushrooms look _ but are in fact poisonous. This bag is made of _ plastic. There are many _s involved in the metabolism. I used to want to study _. the digestive/reproductive _ High-blood pressure is an _ condition which has few symptoms,oceanography insidious innocuous biodegradable

34、enzyme tract,insidious,tract,oceanography,enzyme,innocuous,biodegradable,consequence of incompatibility between the two worlds,Para. 15: examples: In what way are the following things harmful to the environment? cars power plants modern chemical farming nuclear disaster,distort v. to twist out of a

35、natural shape 扭曲 toxic a. poisonous 有毒的 grave a. serious or solemn 严重的 emit v. to send out 发射；释放 resultant a. happening as a result 因此发生的,Translation (Para. 15),Even the spectacular nuclear disasters at Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl were far less serious as technical failures than they were in the

36、ir ecological effects. 甚至于发生在三英里岛和切尔诺贝利的巨大的核灾难，作为技术上的失败所造成的后果远不如对于生态系统所造成的后果严重。,Para. 16: metaphor,debts in different worlds What are the differences between debts in the two worlds? debts in technosphere: repaid or canceled debts in ecosphere: never canceled acknowledged a. publicly accepted or rec

37、ognized 公认的 mortgage n. 按揭，抵押金 disseminate v. to spread 散布， 传播 envelop v. to enclose 包围,Para. 17 the definition of environmental crisis,the cyclical, conservative, self-consistent processes of the ecosphere,the linear, innovative, disharmonious processes of the technosphere.,A product of the drastic

38、 mismatch between,Paras. 18-19,How do we solve the problem of the environmental crisis? If we solve it by taking sides like conventional war, what will be the consequence?,Para. 18: if the ecosphere is ignored, only the factors that govern the technosphere are considered. Consequence: emitting pollu

39、tants is allowed,Para. 19: if the technosphere is ignored, only ecological factors are considered. Consequence: reducing the number of people, endowing animals with rights,conventional war: issues can be solved by taking sides Conclusion: either way is incorrect.,Figure of speech (Para. 18),But unli

40、ke the conventional marketplace, which deals in goods-things that serve a useful purpose-this scheme creates a marketplace in “bads”-things that are not only useless but often deadly. Pun,Paras. 18-19,combatant n. fighters in the battle 战斗人员 at the cost of 以（牺牲）为代价 mediate v. to settle or intervene调

41、停, 解决 concoct v. to devise, contrive 编造 interplay n. interaction 互动；相互作用 allot v. to assign 分派 parody n. a (unsuccessful) copy/imitation (拙劣的)模仿 inducement n. incentive 诱因，引诱 marauder n. exploiter 掠夺者 endow v. 捐助，赠与,Two questions arise (Para. 20), Is the ecosphere to be protected at the expense of h

42、uman welfare? Is the human welfare enhanced at the expense of ecosphere? artifact n. man-made products 人工制品 curator n. a person in charge of a museum or library 博物馆馆长或图书馆馆长,Exercises,They were forced to give up their home because they couldnt pay the _. After some one placed it on the Internet it wa

43、s quickly _ around the world. Our personalities result from the complex _ between our genes and our environment. Negotiators were called in to _ between the two sides. He _ a story about working late at the office. a brilliant _ of classical dance The prices are the main _ - everything is much cheap

44、er here than at the mall. He is the mammal _ at the Los Angeles Zoo.,inducement interplay disseminate mediate concoct curator parody mortgage,mortgage,disseminate,interplay,mediate,concocted,parody,inducement,curator,Different opinions (Para. 20),environmental advocates? Is the technosphere always e

45、nvironmentally hostile? What is your opinion about the suggestion (of living in closer harmony with ecosystem)? The authors opinion?,Para. 21,How to solve the problem of the environmental crisis? (the same question mentioned in Para. 19) if the technosphere is ignored if the ecosphere is ignored jud

46、ged only in ecological terms judged only in technological terms,example: global warming (Para. 21),If people are regarded components of the ecosystem Consequence: there is no reason to oppose global warming,If people are emphasized Consequence: A vigorous effort to halt global warming,Two extremes (

47、Para. 21),What are the two extremes if we solve the problem by taking sides? the spread of AIDS to reduce the human population technology justifies whatever damage to the ecosphere,Some terms,inhuman ( 残忍的) proposals very cruel proposals, lacking kindness and pity (only regard ecosphere as the main concern) humanist (人道主义的) approach the apporoach regarding only peop