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1、一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时,被动语态 主谓一致 特殊词精讲 倒装 虚拟语气,句子的种类 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句,连词 情态动词 分词 动名词 代词 形容词副词,动词的时态 1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the su
2、n. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。,4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well
3、. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。,2 、一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you g
4、o just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go t
5、o bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。,4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Chri
6、stine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend
7、 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?,3 、used to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常
8、散步。 be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。,4、 一般将来时 1
9、)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next m
10、onth。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week
11、等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。,5、 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 6 、be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,
12、be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排),7 、一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
13、 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 Ill write to you as soon
14、as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。,8 、用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: I
15、m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?,现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法: a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run,
16、 go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。,d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B.
17、 is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。,不用进行时的动词 1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house bel
18、ongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理状态的动词,如 know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, de
19、cide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如: You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。,过去进行时 1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。 3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday,
20、from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。,典型例题 1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her f
21、inger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。 2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read;was fallingB. was reading; fellC. was reading; was fallingD. read;fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一
22、个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。,时态一致 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如: At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如: He thought that I n
23、eed not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。,时态与时间状语,现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。,比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,ago, in1980
24、, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。,3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过
25、去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasnt handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的
26、状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.,用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
27、 It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is +形容词最高级+that结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。,典型例题 (1) -Do you kn
28、ow our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或
29、无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I havent received his letter for almost a month,比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:I have lived here for more than twenty years. 我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was
30、 born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still s
31、tudying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.,since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如
32、: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。 2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如: It is two y
33、ears since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。,延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示到,才。例如: He didnt come back until ten ocloc
34、k. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。,典型例题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.
35、A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。,动词的语态 语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。 注意:1)感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加to。例如: The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。 - I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw
36、him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。 - He was seen to play football on the playground. 2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。例如: Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。,let 的用法 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。例如: They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。 - The s
37、trange was let go. 2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。例如: The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。 - I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.,表示据说或相信 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, un
38、derstand等组成。例如: It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that大家相信 It is hoped that大家希望 It is well known that 众所周知 It is thought that大家认为 It is suggested that据建议 It is taken granted that 被视为当然 It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remember that 务必记住的是,短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词
39、或副词。 例如: My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。 Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。,宾语提前主语变,时态人称be关键。 过去分词勿变错,原主变宾by后见。,不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall as
40、leep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如: After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。 比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (
41、错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.,系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如: (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by
42、 her.,主动形式表示被动意义,1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如: The book sells well.这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如: I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。 3)特殊结构:make sb.
43、heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如: Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。,被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如: He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get
44、married to sb.均可。例如: He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。 He got married to a rich girl.,need/want/require/worth 当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如: Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。,典型例题 The library needs_, but itll have to wait until Sunday. clean
45、ing B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。,时态语态专项练习,“主谓一致”:指谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。,主谓一致,1动词不定式、动名词,或者主语从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如: What we want is some water 我们需要水。 To say something is usually easier than t
46、o do something 说一些事往往要比做一些事容易。 Whether he will come is still unknown 他是否会来还不知道。,注: 当若干个动词不定式,动名词或主语从句被and连接起来当主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如: What he says and what he does dont agree 他言行不一致。 Where he comes from and what he is doing here are secrets 他来自哪儿和他在这儿干什么都是谜。 由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容若是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用
47、复数形式。如: What we need is more time What we need are doctors,2“就近一致”原则。 当一个句子有两个主语,这两主语又是由 “not onlybut also”, “eitheror”“neithernor” 连接起来时,谓语动词和离它最近的主语保持一致。如: Not only he but also I am good at English 我们俩英语都不错。 Either they or he is to come 不是他们就是他会来的。,3当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,常作为一个整体来看,谓语动词用单
48、数。 Five years is a long time to wait for an answer 为了等待一个答复4年时间够长的。 The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago 李白诗集很久以前就出版了。 25,000 miles is a long distance 两万五千里是很长的一段路程。,4the +形容词可表示一类人或一类事物。其谓语动词有所差异。若表一类人作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。若表一类事物作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如: The old are well taken care of in China
49、在中国老人受到很好照顾。 The beautiful is loved by all 人人都爱美。,5由and连接的两个并列主语一般谓语动词用复数。如: Plastics and rubber never rot 塑料与橡皮永远不会腐烂。 注:当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有every, each, no, many a修饰时,谓语动词用单数。 In our country, every boy and every girl has the right to receive education 在我们国家,男孩女孩都有受教育权。 Each man and each woman in this
50、 office is asked to attend the party 办公室里的人无论男女都被邀请出席晚会。,6如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有“with”,“together”,“as well as”,“as much as ”,“no less than”,“along with”,“with”,“like”,“rather than”,“together with”,“but”,“except”,“besides”,“including”,“in addition to”等词时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。如 The teacher as well as the students is l
51、ooking forward to the summer holiday 老师与学生们都在盼望着暑假。 The factory, including its machines, was burnt last night 昨晚上这工厂及里边的机器全被烧掉了。 The mother along with her two children goes to the park 母亲与她的俩孩子要去公园。,7“some of”,“most of”,“half of”,“all of”,“the rest of”等表达形式出现在主语时,谓语的单复数由of后面的名词来决定,如: All of us are very tired我们大家都累了。 All of the water has been drank所有的水都被喝了。 The rest of the students are on the playground 其他学生在操场上。 The rest of the problem is very easy 这问题剩下的部分很简单。,8如果主语由“more than one或many a”构成,尽管意义上是表复数内容,但谓语动词仍用单数形式。 More than one book has been sold 已出售的书
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