英语写作 段落写作

1、paragraph writing,paragraph writing,what is the structure of a paragraph?,the topic sentence,supporting sentences,the concluding sentence,this is the structure of a paragraph! generally speaking, these three different types of sentences play different roles in a paragraph:,topic sentence; supporting

2、 sentences; concluding sentence.,a sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly about.,sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.,a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结） the ideas.,(主题句 ),(扩展句/阐述句 ),(结论句/结尾句 ),如 ： my mother has passed along to me a ru

3、le for getting along with others. dont argue with parents; they might think you dont love them. dont argue with children; they might think themselves victimized(受到伤害）. dont argue with spouses; they might think you are a tiresome mate. dont argue with strangers; they might think you are not friendly.

4、 my mothers rule, in fact, is quite universal. 请找出主题句、推展句和结论句。,the topic sentence,the characteristics of a topic sentence the positions of a topic sentence,the characteristics,1) the topic sentence must be a complete sentence. 2) the topic sentence should always contain both a topic 主题 and a control

5、ling idea 限制义. the topic sentence = topic + controlling idea 3) the topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific, and it should focus on only one topic.,the topic 与文章主题词相呼应。 the controlling idea 将主题限制在特定范围之内。 note: a controlling idea commits the paragraph to a specific aspect of the

6、 topic. e.g. 1) convenience foods are easy to prepare. 2) alcoholic beverages should be banned from college campuses for two reasons. 3) there are also a few superstitions about marriage in china .,read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each senten

7、ce,people can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions. there are several advantages to growing up in a small town. most us universities require a 550 point toefl score for a number of reasons. air pollution in mexico city is the worst in the world for a number of reasons. fixing a flat tire o

8、n a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps. riding a bicycle gives pleasure.,there are several enjoyable ways to travel between the us and queretaro. animals in danger of becoming extinct come from a wide range of countries. effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop

9、. industrial waste poured into lake michigan has led to dramatic changes in its ability to support marine life. in order to fully explore the wreck of the titanic, scientists must address several problems.,discussion: which of the following topic sentence is general, specific or suitable? group 1 1)

10、 american food is terrible. 2) american food is tasteless and greasy because americans use too many canned, frozen, and packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 3) american food is tasteless and greasy.,(too general),(too specific),(suitable),group 2 1) many voters supported

11、the candidate. 2) many voters passively supported the candidate. group 3 to play any kind of musical instrument, one needs to know something about the instrument. 2) to play any kind of drum requires a good sense of rhythm.,(too general),(too general),(suitable),(suitable),here are some examples of

12、sentences that cannot be used as topic sentences. can you figure out why they are inappropriate?,1) my hometown is famous because it is located by wheaton river, which is very wide, and because it is built near an unusually steep hill called wheaton hill. analysis: the problem with this sentence is

13、that it contains too many details. topic sentences are general, and details should appear later in the paragraph. revised: my hometown is famous for several amazing geographical features.,2) there are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission and two reasons why others

14、 like cars with manual transmission. analysis: this sentence is not appropriate as a topic sentence because it mentions two topics, not just one. paragraphs are usually about one main thing and so their topic sentences should also be about only one main thing. revised: a) there are two reasons why s

15、ome people like to buy cars with automatic transmission. or (in a different paragraph): b) there are two reasons why some people like cars with manual transmission.,3) clouds are white. analysis the problem with this sentence is that it is too general. it is also very boring! would you like to read

16、a paragraph with this topic sentence? most people would not. revised the shapes of clouds are determined by various factors.,different positions of a topic sentence,at the beginning of a paragraph,at the end of a paragraph,in the middle of a paragraph,no clear topic sentence,work with your partners

17、and find out the topic sentence of each paragraph !,1 smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. besides the most serious and terrible disease (illness) - cancer, cigarette smoking can also cause other health problems. for example, it can

18、give one a “smokers cough”. finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. is it worth it?,2 often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. on the other hand, nobody may look more inn

19、ocent than a professional criminal. and the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. so, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.,3 every bride wants her wedding to be the most wonderful day of her life. but perfect weddings require careful

20、 planning , whether the bride and bridegroom are planning a traditional wedding or just a registry office ceremony. paying for the wedding, which is always a problem, will partly decide the choice.,tom studied for four years at the university of paris and decided to leave before his graduation. he t

21、ransferred to the university of berlin and graduated with honors. harvard law school and, later, boston college provided him with an excellent legal background. he is presently a corporation lawyer in miami, florida.the main idea of this paragraph is that _.a. tom, who had studied at paris universit

22、ies for four years, moved to another university.b. tom became a lawyer since his graduation from harvard law school and later from boston college.c. tom was an excellent student when he studied at berlin university.d. tom received an excellent education.,detail,detail,detail,read the following parag

23、raphs carefully and write a topic sentence for each paragraph in the space provided.,. famous inventor thomas edison, for instance, did so poorly in his first years of school that his teacher warned his parents that he would never be a success at anything. similarly, henry ford, the father of the au

24、to industry, had trouble in school with both reading and writing. but perhaps the best example is albert einstein, whose parents and teachers suspected that he was retarded because he responded to questions so slowly and in a stuttering voice. einsteins high school record was poor in everything but

25、math, and he failed his college entrance exams the first time. even out of school the man had trouble holding a job- until he announced the theory of relativity.,many scientists had very bad proficiency records in their school days,as an industry, tv provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make

26、tv sets and broadcasting equipment. it also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs. as an art, television brings the theater and other cultural events into the home. its influence on the life of average americans is incalculable: it can influence their thoughts, their

27、likes and dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. it can also add to their store of knowledge. through advertising, television helps businesses and manufacturers sell their products to millions of people. television has brought political campaigns closer to the voters than in former days. educ

28、ational tv stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation. many large schools and universities have “closed-circuit” television equipment that will telecast lectures and demonstrations to hundreds of students in different classrooms; and the lecture can be

29、put on video tape to be kept for later use. some hospitals use tv to allow medical students to get close-up views of operations.,tv plays an important role in the life of americans.,americans relaxing at home, for example, may put on kimonos, which is a japanese word. americans who live in a warm cl

30、imate may take an afternoon siesta on an outdoor patio without even realizing that these are spanish words. in their gardens, they may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came into english from persian. they may even relax on a chaise longue while sipping a drink with vodka, words of

31、 french and russian origin, respectively.,many loan words have entered americans daily life.,we are awakened by electric alarm clocks and music pouring from our radio; we operate our toaster, brush our teeth with an electric toothbrush, and shave with an electric razor. we read the days headlines fr

32、om newspapers printed on huge electric presses, and we write a letter on our electric typewriter before leaving for work to operate a computer and word processor.,electricity has filled almost every part of our life.,supporting sentences推展句,-the extension and specification of the topic sentence.对主题句的延伸和细化 基本要求 a: 在意义上完全支持主题句 ，应细化和典型化； b: 在形式上，注意连贯 coherence 和organization结构 c: 足够的支持性材