chapter 10跨文化交际.ppt

1、Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Learning objectives :,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,1.to identify the definitions of nonverbal communication 2.to know the functions of nonverbal communication 3.to understand the various categories of nonverbal communication,Listen to the lead-in case When a

2、North American,Why do the North American and the Mexican behave in different ways?,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal Communication Defined Culture and Nonverbal Communication Categories of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory,index,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communicat

3、ion,Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication (非言语交际) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.,Nonverbal Communication Defined,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,The Alliance Between Culture and Nonverbals The Functions of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Mi

4、sinterpretations as a Barrier,2. Culture and Nonverbal Communication,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,The Alliance Between Culture and Nonverbals,By understanding important cultural differences in this behavior, you will be able to gather clues about underlying attitudes and values, because nonver

5、bal communication often reveals basic cultural traits.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,The Functions of Nonverbal Communication,a. Replacing spoken messages There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gestures to replace s

6、poken messages. b. Sending uncomfortable messages c. Forming impressions that guide communication d. Making relationships clear e. Regulating (调整) interaction f.Reinforcing（强调）and modifying verbal messages,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier,Many nonverbal ex

7、pressions vary from culture to culture, and it is just those variations that make nonverbal misinterpretation a barrier.,This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,3. Categories of Nonverbal Communic

8、ation,paralanguage/metacommunication(副语言/元信息传递) chronemics (时间行为 ) proxemics (时空行为) ocuelsics (目光语) olfactics (嗅觉) haptics (触觉行为) kinesics (身势语行为) chromatics (色彩学) silence clothing and physical appearance,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,A. Paralanguage / Metacommunication,Paralanguage Metacommuni

9、cation,Metacommunication is the intentional or unintentional implied meaning of a message.,1. Vocal characterizers (声音的特征) 2. Vocal qualifiers (声音的修饰) 3. Vocal segregates (声音的分割) 4. Accent (口音),Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,B. Chronemics (时间行为),a. The sense of time b. Monochronic and polychroni

10、c time （单维度时间取向-多维度时间取向）,Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,a. The sense of time,1.Time is cyclical (循环的) 2. Time is linear (线性的),Western cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future.,Life on earth evolve

11、d in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,b. Monochronic and polychronic time,1. Monochronic time （单维度时间取向） 2. Polychronic time（多维度时间取向）,Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.,Monochronic time means pay

12、ing attention to and doing only one thing at a time.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Case-analysis: Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures,How many mistakes does Mr. Berisik make according to Mr. Maramis culture?,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,C. proxemics（时空行为）,a. Personal space b. Seating c.

13、Furniture arrangement,Proxemics refers to the perception and use of space, including territoriality (领地感) and personal space. Territoriality refers to physical space; personal space refers to perceptual or psychological space.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,a. Personal space（个人距离） In the United

14、States Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone. 2. In India In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3. In Arab

15、 Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Case-analysis: Spacious Compartment,What may lead to the different conc

16、ept of space?,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,b. Seating,In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone.

17、,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,c. Furniture arrangement,French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers. In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office. In Japan, wher

18、e group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls. Chinese geomancy (泥土占卜), feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity,

19、and health.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is also considered rude. In most cultures, men do not star

20、e at women. In France and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive.,D ocuelsics （目光语）,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,E. Olfactics (嗅觉),The study of communication

21、 via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message. Case-analysis: The Bad Smell,Do people have the same idea about fragrance?,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,F. haptics (触觉行为),Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodi

22、ly contact. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if pa

23、tted. Even placing a hand on the back of an Asian workers chair is considered inappropriate. White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders, Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,G. Kinesics （身势语）,Kinesics is the term used for commun

24、icating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Gestures can be emblems or or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures

25、 are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral message.,symbols (the “ok” gesture),illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,a. Facial expressions b. Gestures l Head movement l Arm movement c. Posture and stance Posture, the way someone stands, s

26、its, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talk

27、ing to the manager.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,H. chromatics （色彩学）,Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Black is the color of mourning to many Europeans and U.S. Americans, but white is w

28、orn to funerals in Japan and many other nations. In the United States, white is typically worn by brides while in India, red or yellow is worn. Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many Latin American countries. Red (especially red roses) is associated with ro

29、mance in some cultures including the United States. Red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in Japan. Dark red is the color of mourning along the Ivory Coast.,Cultural differences associated with colors include:,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Green is not used for wrapping packages in

30、 Egypt since green is the nationalist color (as red, white and blue are the nationalist colors in the United States). Men should avoid wearing a green hat in China as this signifies that their wife or sister is a prostitute. In many countries of the world, blue is considered a masculine color, but t

31、o people of France and the United Kingdom, red is more masculine. Blue, in Iran, is an undesirable color. While people of the United States consider pink to be the most feminine color, persons in most other countries think of yellow as the most feminine color.,Cultural differences associated with co

32、lors include:,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,United Airlines unknowingly got off on the wrong foot during its initial flights from Hong Kong. To commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations (康乃馨) to the passengers. When they learned that to many Asians white flowers represent bad l

33、uck and even death, they changed to red carnations.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,American brides,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,Indian brides,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,National flag of the U.S.,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,white carnations,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,

34、Red carnations,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,I. Silence,Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate

35、 agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. Case-analysis: Silence in Japan,What is the different opinion toward silence in Western and Eastern cul

36、ture?,Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication,J. Clothing and Physical Appearance,Although Western business dress has been widely adopted among other cultures, you may wish to learn cultural distinctions in appropriate business attire (服装). When visiting Saudi Arabia, for example, the Saudi might wear the traditional Arabic white flow