英语国家概况_PPT.ppt

1、Unit OneA Brief Introduction to English Literature of The Anglo-Saxon Period and Middle Ages (5 A.D. 15 A.D.),5 A.D. 11 A.D.,The Anglo-Saxon Period (5 A.D. 11 A.D.),Historical background:,The settlement of Anglo-Saxon people since the mid-5th century A process of political unification of the Ireland

2、 of England (wars inside and outside) A process from late stage of tribalism to early stage of feudalism Christianization: the mix of heathen concepts with Christian coloring reflected in literary works of this period,The Anglo-Saxon Period (5 A.D. 11 A.D.),Historical background: Early literary form

3、s: poetry and prose,Oral tradition: scops and gleeman Christian poetry: Gaedmon and Cynewulf Latin prose: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede King Alfred the Great and his contribution: translation, development of English, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,National epic: Beowulf,The Anglo-S

4、axon Period (5 A.D. 11 A.D.),Historical background: Early literary forms: poetry and prose Epic tradition and Beowulf,Mainstream Comments: Epic tradition: “man and arms”; part-historical and part-legendary A faithful reflection of late tribal society in a heathen world Feudal elements and Christian

5、colouring Old English Alliteration Kennings,Topic 1 for research: On Beowulf VS Chinese mythology and Greek mythology,Note for explanation:,Alliteration: Words beginning with the same consonants alliterate with each other within Each line, or a word beginning with a vowel alliterates with another wo

6、rd beginning with the same or another vowel. Each line generally has four stresses with a pause between the second and the third, thus breaking the line into two parts. Alliteration invariably falls upon the stressed syllables. “in gear dagum” Kenning: Compound words to serve as indirect metaphors t

7、hat are sometimes very picturesque. “Swan-road”, “whale-path”, “seal-bath” “Wave-traveler” “Shield-bearer”, “spear-fighter” “Sword-clashings”, “edge-clash”,Mid-11 A.D. mid-14 A.D: feudalism in the upward momentum From Mid-14 A.D.: deteriorating and declining of feudalism 15 A.D.: transition from feu

8、dalism to capitalism,Middle Ages (mid-11 A.D. 15 A.D.),French culture implantation Chivalry reflected in chivalry romance Major social conflicts: serfs VS feudal barons; feudal barons VS kings Wars inside and outside: the Hundred Years War with France(1337); Bleak death(1349); peasant risings in suc

9、cession(eg:1381); War of the Rose Emerging political force of burgesses,Historical background:,Folk literature and religious literature,The History of the Kings of Britain by Geofrey of Monmouth in Latin Fabliau: a medieval French traditional literary form Satires Lyrics on love or nature Alliterati

10、ve or metrical romances The legend of King Arthur and his Round Table knights Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,A short story in verse relating some comic incidents of ordinary life.,Romance Romance, alliterative and metrical, constitute the bulk of the literary works in England in the three centuries

11、 after 1066. the word romance here refers to some verse narrative that sings of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love of the Middle Ages in Europe. Themes: 1. The matter of Britain 2. The matter of France: Charlemagne and his knight 3. The matter of Rom

12、e,Note for explanation:,English literature from the mid-14 A.D.,The earliest English version of the Bible translated by John Wycliffe Piers the Plowman by William Langland: medieval literary convention of vision and allegory; a satire; social reformer The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer,Geoffre

13、y Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales,The life of Chaucer (1340-1400) Variety of his occupation 2. Three stages of literary career Indebtedness to Italian Renaissance The House of Fame: Chaucerian Humor The legend of Good Women: heroic couplet Troylus and Criseyde: chivalric romance A transitional poet

14、 from mediaeval to Renaissance age 3. The Canterbury Tales,The Canterbury Tales,Frame story as indebtedness to Boccaccio General prologue, 24 stories, separate prologues, links 2. Diversity in characterization in literary genres in themes: social criticism, rising burgesses rising sense of self-impo

15、rtance, womens status, marriage,. 3. Art of technique Humor mixed with satire Language: London-based English Heroic couplet,The Oxford clerks tale of the patient Griselda The wife of Baths tale of an Arthurian knight The franklins tale of Arveragus and Gorigem,Marriage group:,A worthy woman from bes

16、ide Bath city Was with us, somewhat deaf, which was a pity. In making cloth she showed so great a bent She bettered those of Ypres and of Ghent In all the parish not a dame dared stir Towards the altar steps in front of her And if indeed they did, so wrathe was she As to be quite put out of charity.

17、 Her kerchiefs were of finely woven ground, I dared have sworn they weighed a good then pound, The ones she wore on Sunday, on her head. Her hose were of the finest scarlet red And gartered tight; her shoes were soft and new. Bold was her face, handsome, and red in hue. A worthy woman all her life,

18、whats more Shed have five husbands, all at the church door, Apart from other company in youth; No need just now to speak of that, forsooth.,And she had thrice been to Jerusalem, Seen many strange rivers and passed over them; Shed been to Rome and also to Boulogne, St. James of Compostella and Cologn

19、e, And she was skilled in wandering by the way. She had gap-teeth, set widely, truth to say. Easily on an ambling horse she sat Well wimpled up, and on her head a hat As broad as is a buckler or a shield; She had a flowing mantle that concealed Large hips, her heels spurred sharply under that. In co

20、mpany she liked to laugh and chat And knew the remedies for loves mischances, An art in which she know the oldest dances.,He and a gentle Pardoner rode together. A bird from Charing Cross of the same feather, Just back from visiting the Court of Rome. He loudly sang Come hither, love, come home! The

21、 summoner sang deep seconds to this song, No trumpet ever sounded half so strong. This Pardoner had hair as yellow as wax Hanging down smoothly like a hank of flax. In driblets fell his locks behind his head Down to his shoulders which they overspread; Thinly they fell, like rat-tails, one by one. H

22、e wore no hood upon his head, for fun; The hood inside his wallet had been stowed, He aimed at riding in the latest mode; But for a little cap his head was bare,And he had bulging eye-balls, like a hare Hed sewed a holy relic on his cap; His wallet lay before him on his lap, Brimful of pardons come

23、from Rome all hot. He had the same small voice a goat has got. His chin no beard had barboured, nor would harbour, Smoother than ever chin was left by barber. I judge he was a gelding, or a mare. As to his trade, from Berwick down to Ware There was no pardoner of equal grace, For in his trunk he had

24、 a pillow case Which he asserted was Our Ladys veil. He said he had a gobbet of the sail Saint Peter had the time when he made bold To walk the waves, till Jesu Christ took hold,He had a cross of metal set with stones And, in a glass, a rubble of pigs bones. And with there relics, any time he found

25、Some poor up-country parson to astound, On one short day, in money down, he drew More than the parson in a month or two, And by his flatteries and prevarication Made monkeys of the priest and congregation. But still to do him justice first and last In church he was a noble ecclesiast. How well he re

26、ad a lesson or told a story! But best of all he sang an offertory For well he knew that when that song was sung Hed have to preach and tune his honey-tongue And (well he could) win sliver from the crowd. Thats why he sang so merrily and loud.,The Tales include,The General Prologue The Millers Tale T

27、he Knights Prologue and Tale The Cooks Prologue and Tale The Reeves Prologue and Tale The Man of Laws Prologue and Tale The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale The Friars Prologue and Tale The Summoners Prologue and Tale Portrait of Chaucer as a Canterbury pilgrim in the Ellesmere manuscript of The Cant

28、erbury Tales The Clerks Prologue and Tale The Merchants Prologue and Tale,The Squires Prologue and Tale The Franklins Prologue and Tale The Physicians Tale The Pardoners Prologue and Tale The Shipmans Tale The Prioress Prologue and Tale Chaucers Tale of Sir Topas The Tale of Melibee The Monks Prolog

29、ue and Tale The Nuns Priests Prologue and Tale The Second Nuns Prologue and Tale The Canons Yeomans Prologue and Tale The Manciples Prologue and Tale The Parsons Prologue and Tale Chaucers Retraction,Monastic order: a prioress, a second nun, the nuns priest, a monk, a friar Secular clergy: a clerk,

30、a parson, a summoner, a pardoner Upper social ladder: a franklin, a knight, a squire, a doctor of physic, sergeant of law Burgess: a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry weaver, a cook, a a wife of Bath Rural dweller: a plowman, a miller, a manciple, a reeve Trade: a shipman, a mer

31、chant a yeoman, the host and a portrait of Chaucer himself. A canon and his yeoman join the pilgrimage later and tell one tale.,The Pilgrims Include:,Heroic Couplet 英雄双行体,A couplet is a pair of rhyming lines of a verse that form a unit. Poetry in rhyming couplets is one of the simplest rhyme schemes

32、: aa bb cc dd ee ff. etc. This scheme was used in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales in the 14th century and became popular again in the 18th century with poets such as John Dryden and Alexander Pope. Couplets with a meter of iambic pentameter are called heroic couplets.,example,It happened in that season that one day In Southwark, at The Tabard, as I lay,Ready to go on pilgrimage and start,Balladsknowledge points:,Developing History Reliques of Ancient English Poetry by Bishop Thomas Percy English and Scottish Popular Ballads by Profe