英语专业翻译unit1.ppt

1、,1.Definitions 2. Criteria: Faithfulness, smoothness 3. Requirements for translation,1.Definitions 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 2. Two fundamental criteria Faithfulness/accuracy and smoothness 3. How to develop as a translator?,Definitions 1.1 Languages and meani

2、ng,“translate” in The Oxford English Dictionary： “to turn from one language into another”； In Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language： “to turn into ones own or another language” Comments: 明确- task “翻译” 辞海汉语大词典 - “把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。” 在两种语言间转换意义,complicated “meaning”,

3、刘宓庆 现代翻译理论“语际意义”-六种:概念（主题）意义，语境意义，形式意义，风格意义，形象意义，文化意义 California is earthquake country. “加利福尼亚是地震区 。”; “加利福尼亚那一带地震可多着呢。” “您过奖了。” “You are overpraising me.”; “Thank you.” Meaning is related to other aspects as well as the words.,“message”,Eugene A. Nida -Theory and Practice of Translation: “Translati

4、on consists in reproducing(再现) in the receptor language (接受语) the closest natural equivalent (对等) of the source-language (源出语）message (信息), first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译是指在译语中用最贴近而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息,首先在语义上，其次在文体上再现原语的信息。 Comments-“信息”： 1）语义； 2）文体 (not just meaning of words

5、) 传统翻译观念： 语际间的意义转换,1.2 Purpose of translation 翻译活动明确的目的性(social nature)：社会的进步,张今文学翻译原理：“翻译是两个语 言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和（或）文化进步， 它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象，完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。”,Translation is indispensable to civilization.,西欧文明：“归功于翻译者”,季羡林中国翻译词典： “中华文化这一条长河， 但却从未枯竭。原因是有新水注入 .。最大的有两次， 一

6、次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。”,Buddhist Scriptures (佛经) Eastern Han（25-220）, Sui Dynasty (581-618) , Tang Dynasty (618-907)， Song and Yuan Dynasty（1271-1368） Over a thousand years 支谦, 道安, 鸠摩罗什,玄奘 Western works Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)-徐光启, 利玛窦（Ricci）, Qing Dynasty (1644-1

7、911): 林纾（180 literary works), 严复 (social and political works), Period of Republic of China (1912-1949): 鲁迅, 郭沫若，瞿秋白，茅盾（Russian socialist works, English, French and German realistic and romantic works) After the Founding of New China (1949-),明末清初的科技翻译: 1607 , 徐光启、利马窦 ( Matteo Ricci) 几何原本古希腊人欧几里得 Eucl

8、id 几何原本 Elements 林纾(18521924) La Dame aux Camelias, 巴黎茶花女遗事 Uncle Toms Cabin 黑奴呼天录； David Copperfield块肉余生述; Hamlet王子复仇记鲁滨逊飘流记 严复 天演论Evolution and Ethics and other essays (T.H. Huxley郝胥黎),鲁迅 死魂灵Dead Souls毁灭浊流200多部 茅盾 医生四十种外国文学译著，240余篇译文 郭沫若 三十余种 少年维特之烦恼“Vexation of teenager Weite”, Teenager Werters V

9、exation; 战争与和平;浮士德 Faust,A definition 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Translation is conveying the meaning of one language in another language in order to communicate emotions and ideas, spread culture and knowledge and promote social civilization, in particular the

10、 development of the target language culture.,Types of Translation,I). In terms of languages intralingual and interlinguistic translations II). In terms of manners of activity oral, written and machine translations III) In terms of styles of subject matter literary, scientific, journalese, practical

11、translation, etc. IV) In terms of methods of disposal complete (full) , elliptical(节译）, abridged（摘译）, edited （编译）and summarized translations（译述）,What are the principles followed by translators?,2. Traditional criteria：being faithful to the original language (忠实）,2.1 George Campbells three principles

12、 in 1789 “The first thing is to give a just (准确的) representation (再现) of the sense (意思) of the original (原作) The second thing is, to convey into his version(译作）, as much as possible, in a consistency with (符合) the genius of the language (语言特征) which he writes, the authors spirit and manner(精神和风格) Th

13、e third and last is, to take care, the version (译作） have at least, so far the quality of an original performance (原作品的特性), as to appear natural and easy(自然流畅)”,2.2 泰特勒三原则 Alexander F. Tytler (1747-1813）论翻译的原则Essay on the Principles of Translation,1.That a translation should give a complete transcrip

14、t（复制） of the ideas (思想）of the original work. 2. That the style and manner of writing (译文) should be of the same character （同一性质）with that of the original. 3. That a translation should have all the ease (流畅) of the original composition. 1.译文应该完全传达原文的思想。 2.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。 3.译文应象原文一样流畅。 Focus: Transla

15、tion must be faithful to the original in ideas, style, ease,2.3 Chinese traditional criteria,道安：“案本” 严复 (天演論Evolution and Ethics) : “信、达、雅”。 “Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” “译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难也！顾信也，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。” 傅雷: “神似” 钱钟书: “化境” General principle “being faithful to the original”,3.

16、 New schools of translation: in the second half of the 20th century abroard,Jacobson, Catford: equivalent value translation (等值翻译论) Eugene A. Nida: equivalent-effect theory, dynamic equivalence or functional equivalence. Zoha: multisystem Toury: Descriptive translation Skopostheory, descontructurism

17、, post-structurism, postmodernism, postcolonialism, feminism,4. A translation must meet the two criteria:,Faithfulness (goal) 鲁迅“保存原作的风姿” 茅盾“忠实地传达了原作的内容和风格” 钱钟书“完全保存原作风味” Smoothness (means) 老舍：“既像汉文，又像洋文，既像语言，又像念咒” 鲁迅: “力求其易解” 茅盾: “纯粹的祖国语言” 钱钟书: “不因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹” 傅雷：“理想的译文彷佛是原作者的中文写作。”,The commu

18、ters dies with tremendous mileage to his credit. (The Three New Yorks) 上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的辉煌纪录。 上班族一生中有着惊人的行程。 He found them pushing needles, threads, pots, pans, ribbons, yarn, scissors and buttons to housewives. (The Jeaning of America) 他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑、锅碗瓢盆。 他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线、锅罐、缎带、剪刀和纽扣。,This novel

19、was the beginning of his fame. 这部小说是他的名声的开始。 这部小说是他的成名之作。 At the beginning of the new year, this area saw a big snowfall. 在新年的开始，这个地区就 经历了一场大雪。 新年的一开头，这个地区就下了一场大雪。 新年伊始，这个地区就普降瑞雪。,1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 3. After the fail

20、ure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. 4. Mrs. Sawyer looked radiant, too, and for the first time gobbled up her dinner like a little dog. 5. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.

21、,1.人生大路既铺满鲜花，又不满荆棘。（生活总是有苦有乐。） 2.他是一个神枪手，可这次却遭到了惨败（遭遇了滑铁卢）。 3.他上一篇小说写砸了,他的名声从此岌岌可危。 4.索耶太太也容光焕发，第一次大口大口地吃饭，活像一头小猪。 5.还是那句老话：物失方知可贵，病时倍思健康。,Davids girl friend is as beautiful as Helen.,大卫的女朋友美若西施/赛天仙。 大卫的女朋友像海伦一样漂亮（海伦是古希腊的美女，是女神。）,1. black tea 2. black coffee 3. black sheep I cant agree more. The ene

22、my killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalist who worked hand in glove with each other.,Unity between faithfulness and smoothness Two sides of one thing in translation,Holl

23、ywood isnt really a city; its part of Los Angeles. Its also a way of thinking and living. Hollywood was named for a plant that looked like holly and covered the ground in west Los Angeles where movies were first made. The movie business started about 1911 and grew fast. By 1920, it was a major indus

24、try in Los Angeles. The first movies were short. They had no sound, so someone in the theater played a piano or organ during the movie. The dialogue was printed on the movie screen. Cecil B. DeMille made the first big epic movie, In 1928, Walt Disneys Mickey Mouse was first seen in the cartoon, Stea

25、mboat Willy. The first movie with sound, The Jazz Singer, was a success overnight. In 1932, the first full-color cartoon was Disneys Flowers and Trees. Soon many movies were made with sound and in color. The film industry continued to grow. Unknown men and women became stars overnight. People follow

26、ed famous actors and actresses everywhere. They bought newspapers to read about the lives of their favorite stars. Hollywood still attracts people with its magic, but not many movies are made in Hollywood today. Many of the old studios are used for television shows. People still remember the great d

27、ays of Hollywood, however, and visit Manns Chinese Theater, where they can step into the concrete footprints of famous stars and pretend for a while.,1. Hollywood isnt really a city; its part of Los Angeles. 好莱坞并非真正是一座城市，而是洛杉矶市的一部分。 汉语中不论是并列复句还是主从复句，第二个(及后面的)分句的主语与第一个的相同，总是省去。 2. Its also a way of t

28、hinking and living. 它也代表一种思维方式，一种生活方式。 英语中并列定语共一个中心词，但是指几种不同的事物，到了汉语里，往往要重复中心词。 3. Hollywood was named for a plant that looked like holly and covered the ground in west Los Angeles where movies were first made. 第一批电影是在洛杉矶市西区摄制的，当年这里遍地都是一种状似冬青(英语中念“好莱”)的树林(念“坞”)，于是名叫“好莱坞”。 汉语中只有前置定语，中心词要等定语都说完之后才会出现。

29、如果名词词组太长，会对读者或听者的记忆造成很大负担。因此英语中过长的名词词组译成汉语时，必须设法切断成为一个或几个分句。这些分句一般按时间、空间或逻辑顺序排列。这里是按时间顺序排列。加上括号中的话，是为了让读者了解“冬青树林”与“好莱坞”的关系。否则读者还是不明白好莱坞取名的来由，没有真正传达原文的意义。 4. The movie business started about 1911 and grew fast. 电影业始于1911年前后，随之迅速发展。 1911表示时间，about不译为“大约”、“左右”，而必须译为“前后”。加上“随之”，更明确地表明时间关系。 5. By 1920, i

30、t was a major industry in Los Angeles. 到1920年，电影业成了洛杉矶市的一种主要产业。 英语里再次提到某事物时，只要不会引起混淆，就用代词。汉语里则往往用名词(这里用“电影业”)。这个名词也可省掉，但要将此句与上一句合并。这一句不是表示判断，而是讲电影的发展过程，was不译为“是”，而译为“成了”。 6. The first movies were short. 初期的电影很短。 The first也可译为“首批”。 7. They had no sound, so someone in the theater played a piano or org

31、an during the movie. 这些影片没有声音，所以放映时影院里有人弹钢琴或风琴。 during the movie因英汉搭配不同，译为“放映时”。 8. They 译成“这些影片”，理由同 4。 9. The dialogue was printed on the movie screen. 对白放映在银幕上。 戏剧中的dialogue是“对白”。printed 不能译为“印”、“打印”，乃情景使然。不用“被”、“受到”等词而单用动词“放映”，是译被动语态一法。 10. Cecil B. DeMille made the first big epic movie, The Bir

32、th of a Nation. 塞西尔德米尔摄制了第一部史诗大片一个国家的诞生。 由于现代汉语的双音化趋势，the first big epic movie不译为“第一部大史诗片”，而译为“第一部史诗大片”。广告中说“哈尔滨制药六厂”而不说“哈尔滨六制药厂”，就是因为这个缘故。 11. In 1928, Walt Disneys Mickey Mouse was first seen in the cartoon, Steamboat Willy. 1928年，瓦尔特迪斯尼的米老鼠在卡通片威利号轮船中首次露面。 was seen不译为“被看见”，而译为“露面”，是换一个角度，从而化被动为主动。

33、也可译为“亮相”。 12. The first movie with sound, The Jazz Singer, was a success overnight. 第一部有声片爵士歌手一夜之间获得成功。 be a success, 实即succeed(同样，be a failure，实即fail)，故不译为“是一次成功”。如果主语指人，也可译为“一夜成名”。 13. In 1932, the first full-color cartoon was Disneys Flowers and Trees. 1932年迪斯尼摄制了第一部全彩卡通片花草树木。 本句若按原句结构译为“1932年，第一

34、部全彩卡通片是迪斯尼的花草树木”，会使读者误以为这部片子只是1932年那一年的第一部这种影片，而不是电影史上的第一部。译文以“迪斯尼”为主语，以“摄制了”为谓语，因为Disneys 暗含着“摄制”。Flowers and Trees中没有讲grass但译文中加了“草”。必须加是为求节奏和谐，可以加是因为“花”也有草开的花。 14. Soon many movies were made with sound and in color. 不久，摄制了许多有声彩色影片。 用无主句，是被动语态翻译一法。根据搭配习惯made译为“摄制”。 15. The film industry continued

35、to grow. 电影业继续发展。(讲解略) 16. Unknown men and women became stars overnight. 默默无闻的男女演员一夜之间成为明星。 Unknown可能译为“不知名的”、“无人知道的”。是否能找到“默默无闻的”，取决于译者的汉语修养和勤奋程度。Men and women具体化为“男女演员”。 17. People followed famous actors and actresses everywhere. 人们到处追逐有名的男女演员。 Followed译为“追逐”， 略带贬义，但这正好暗示名演员作为“大众情人”的角色， 18. They b

36、ought newspapers to read about the lives of their favorite stars. 他们买报纸来读，了解自己最喜爱的明星的私生活。 about译为“了解”，体现了汉语中动词用得多的特点。汉译英时，则应看是否可以一个动词为纲，将其他动词译为与之搭配的其他词（主要是介词）。lives译为“私生活”，而不是简单地译为 “生活”，符合实际情况。这是具体化的译法。 19. Hollywood still attracts people with its magic, but not many movies are made in Hollywood today. 好莱坞仍然以其魅力吸引着人们，但如今好莱坞摄制的影片已经不多了。 译文把not many的译文“不多”置于最后，是因为这是本句中的新知信息，是信息中心(重点)。汉语的信息中心置于最后，才不会产生隔靴搔痒的感觉。试比较：“但如今没有好多影片是在好莱坞摄制的了。”似乎别的地方取代了好莱坞的地位似的。 20. Many of the old studios are used for television shows. 许多老制片厂现在用来制作电视节目。 注意te