Civil Rights Movement.ppt

1、By - 谭玮璐,Introduction,The American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring suffrage in Southern states. The aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include racial dignity, econ

2、omic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from oppression by whites.,Introduction,Many of those who were most active in the Civil Rights Movement prefer the term Southern Freedom Movement because the struggle was about far more than just civil rights under law; it was also about fundamental i

3、ssues of freedom, respect, dignity, and economic and social equality.,Civil Rights : A Dream for the Black,Early in its history, black Africans were brought to America as slaves. They were bought and sold, like animals. By the time of Americas Civil War in the 1860s, many had been freed by their own

4、ers. Many, however, still worked as slaves on the big farms of the South. By the end of the war, slavery had been declared unconstitutional（违反宪法的）. But that was only the first step in the struggle for equality.,Civil Rights : A Dream for the Black,Most people of color could not get good jobs. They c

5、ould not get good housing. They had far less chance of a good education than white Americans. For about 100 years, blacks made slow gains. Widespread activism for civil rights did not really begin until after WW. During the war, black Americans earned respect as members of the armed forces. When the

6、y came home, many demanded that their civil rights be respected, too,Key Events,fighting for education - Desegregating Little Rock, 1957 In September,1957, a black girl tried to enter an all-white school in the city of Little Rock, Arkansas. An angry crowd screamed at her. State guards blocked her w

7、ay. The guards had been sent by the state governor, Orville Faubus. After three weeks, a federal court ordered Governor Faubus to remove the guards. The girl, Elizabeth Eckford, and seven other black students were able to enter the school. After one day, however, riots forced the black students to l

8、eave. Troops sent by the state governor to Central High School in Little Rock. President Dwight Eisenhower（34th） ordered federal troops to Little Rock. They helped black students get into the white school safely. However, angry white citizens closed all the citys public schools. The schools stayed c

9、losed for two years. In 1962, a black student named James Meredith tried to attend the University of Mississippi. School officials refused. John Kennedy(35th), the president at that time, sent federal law officers to help him. James Meredith became the first black person to graduate from the Univers

10、ity of Mississippi.,Key Events,fighting for equal treatment in housing and transportation . In many cities of the South, blacks were forced to sit in the back of buses. In 1955, a black woman named Rosa Parks got on a bus in the city of Montgomery蒙哥马利, Alabama. She sat in the back. The bus became cr

11、owded. There were no more seats for white people. So, the bus driver ordered Missus Parks to stand and give her seat to a white person. She refused. Her feet were tired after a long day at work. Rosa Parks was arrested. The Reverend Martin Luther King organized the black citizens of Montgomery. They

12、 were the major users of the bus system. They agreed to stop using the buses. The boycott lasted a little more than a year. It seriously affected the earnings of the bus company. In the end, racial separation on the buses in Montgomery was declared illegal. Rosa Parks tired feet had helped win black

13、 Americans another victory in their struggle for equal rights. And, the victory had been won without violence.,Key Events,fighting for sports -Boycott of New Orleans by American Football League players, January 1965 . After the 1964 professional American Football League season, the AFL All-Star Game

14、 had been scheduled for early 1965 in New Orleans Tulane Stadium. After numerous black players were refused service by a number of New Orleans hotels and businesses, and white cabdrivers refused to carry black passengers, black and white players alike lobbied for a boycott of New Orleans. Under the

15、leadership of Buffalo Bills players including Cookie Gilchrist, the players put up a unified front. The game was moved to Houston and its Jespersen Stadium. It was the first boycott by a professional sports event of an entire city.,Key Events,Fighting for Voting Rights, 1965 On March 7,1965, Hosea W

16、illiams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people to walk the 54 miles (87 km) from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6. The 1965 act suspended literacy tests and other subjective voter tests.,The act had an immediate

17、and positive impact for African Americans. Within months of its passage, 250,000, one quarter of a million, new black voters had been registered, one third of them by federal examiners. Within four years, voter registration in the South had more than doubled. In 1965, Mississippi had the highest bla

18、ck voter turnout74%and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected. Blacks regaining the power to vote changed the political landscape of the South.,Key Events,Civil Rights marchers at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington. The march was held on August 28, 1963. It was a collaborative

19、effort of all of the major civil rights organizations. The march had six official goals: meaningful civil rights laws, a massive federal works program, full and fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote, and adequate integrated education. Of these, the marchs real focus was on passage of th

20、e civil rights law that the Kennedy Administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham. The march was a success, although not without controversy. An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial, where Martin Luther King. Jr delivered his famous I H

21、ave a Dream speech. In that speech, King said, “America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check that has come back marked insufficient funds. But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportuni

22、ty of this nation. As he neared the end of his speech, King veered from his prepared text, began to improvise and his dream took flight.,Key Events,President Johnson(36th) signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1964, organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) to challenge th

23、e all-white official party. When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates, they held their own primary. They selected Fannie Lou Hamer, Annie Devine, and Victoria Gray to run for Congress and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Con

24、vention. The MFDP kept up its agitation within the convention, even after it was denied official recognition.,Black Power,Black Power was made most public however by the Black Panther Party （黑豹党）which founded in Oakland, California, in 1966. This group followed ideology stated by Malcolm X and the N

25、ation of Islam using a by-any-means necessary approach to stopping inequality. They sought to rid African American neighborhoods of Police Brutality and had a ten-point plan amongst other things. Their dress code consisted of leather jackets, berets, light blue shirts, and an afro hairstyle. They ar

26、e best remembered for setting up free breakfast programs, referring to police officers as pigs, displaying shotguns and a black power fist, and often using the statement of Power to the people.,Discussion,The date Obama gave his acceptance speech to be the presidential nominee is exactly 45 years af

27、ter Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech. Obama declared himself part of a new wave of black political leaders that he called “the Joshua Generation.” It was Joshua约书亚, the Biblical successor to Moses 摩西, who led the Jewish people to the Promised Land after Moses delivered them from slavery

28、 in Egypt. 45 years later, Obama did not utter the words black or African-American. He said McCain 21 times, according to the transcript released beforehand. He said American 25 times and promise 32 times as he sought to create a new definition of, and a new path to, that immortal dream.,Discussion,opinions Old black-Lewis says he would like to hear from Obama that this is not the end or even a new beginning but a continuation of a long struggle. If white America embraces Obama, he says, maybe we can all move up a little bit. Young black-I was not there with