仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage2110AIRPORTS.ppt

1、IFR FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT,Airports,Visual, Non-precision, Precision,Visual & Non-Precision Runway Markings,Visual Runway Runway number Centerline Non-precision Instrument Runway Includes all on Visual plus: Threshold Markings Aiming Point Markings (1000 ft),Precision Runway Markings,Precision Instrumen

2、t Runways Includes all on Visual & Non-precision plus: Touchdown Zone Markings 500 ft intervals for first 3000 ft or half, whichever is less Side Stripes,Taxiway Markings,Continuous yellow centerline stripe Hold lines keep aircraft clear of runways Solid line on taxiway side: Do not cross without cl

3、earance! Dashed line on runway side: “dash across dashed lines” ILS Hold Line to prevent interference of ILS signal ILS critical area active when: CIG 800 visibility 2 SM,Additional Markings,Demarcation Bar separates displaced threshold area from blast pad, stopway, or taxiway that precedes the runw

4、ay Closed Runway large yellow or white X at each end Closed Taxiway Xs or simply blocked off,Displaced Threshold Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not for landing. White arrows leading to displaced threshold Blast Pad / Stopway Areas Yellow chevrons May not be used for tax

5、i, takeoff, or landing At military bases, this is called an “Overrun”,Airport Signs,Mandatory Instruction Signs Location Signs Direction Signs Destination Signs Information Signs Runway Distance Remaining Signs,Airport Signs,Most airfield signs are standardized. The International Civil Aviation Orga

6、nization (ICAO) specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop standard principles and techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.,“Black square- youre there”,Runway Incursion,Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, veh

7、icle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.,Causes of Runway Incursion,Errors associated with: Clearances Communication Airport Surface Movement Positional

8、Awareness LAHSO,LAHSO,Land and Hold Short Operations In effect at some controlled airports Could be at: Intersecting runway Intersecting taxiway Designated point on the runway Determination of available landing distance (ALD),Lighting Systems,Approach Light System Visual Glide Slope Indicators Tri C

9、olor VSI Runway Lighting Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights,Approach Light Systems,Purpose Helps the pilot to transition from instrument to visual references during the approach to landing Range from threshold Non-precision : 1400 to 1500 feet Precision : 2400 to 3000 feet,APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEMSA

10、IM 2-1-1 & IFH 7-31,ALSF-1 has red terminating bars ALSF-2 has 2 red side row bars MALSR, MALSF, SSALR, ODALS, etc. have no red bars May descend to 100 feet above TDZE if any ALS in sight Must see one of the other visual references to continue below 100 feet if no red bars, otherwise MISSED APPROACH

11、!,“The Rabbit”,A series of brilliant blue-white bursts of flashing light sequenced toward runway Sequenced Flashing lights (SF) Between approach light bars ALSF-1ALSF-2MALSF Runway Alignment Indicator Lights (RAIL) Preceding approach light bars SSALR/MALSR,Visual Approach Slope Indicators,Purpose: V

12、isual means to determine if you are too high, too low, or on the correct glide path Two bar VASI Normally set to 3 angle Safe obstruction clearance +/- 10 of extended centerline, and 4 nm out Visible 3 to 5 nm (day) 20 nm (night),Visual Approach Slope Indicators,3-bar VASI Near and middle bar for no

13、rmal 3 Middle and far bar for high cockpit aircraft (steeper approach path) Pulsating Approach Slope Indicator (PLASI) Projects a 2 color visual approach path into the final approach area,Visual Approach Slope Indicators,Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) similar to VASI single row of 2 or 4 u

14、nit lights Tri-color VASI Single light unit projecting a 3-color visual glide path AmberGreenRed,PAPI,3.5 3.2 3 degrees 2.8 2.5,Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL),High intensity white strobe lights One on each side of runway threshold Purpose: rapid identification of approach end of runway in low v

15、isibility conditions,Runway Lighting,Runway Edge Lights (HIRL, MIRL, LIRL) 1) White for visual 2) Amber on last 2,000 or half runway (whichever is less) for instrument Threshold Lights Bi-directional inside runway edge lights Green: Approach end Red: Departure end Displaced Threshold Lights Green on

16、 each side of runway, outboard from runway edges,Runway Lighting,Touchdown Zone Lighting (TDZL) AIM 2-1-5(b): “Two rows of transverse light bars disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline” Steady-burning white lights which start 100 ft beyond threshold & extend to 3,000 ft down the runway or

17、 to the midpoint, whichever is less,Runway Lighting,Runway Centerline Lights (RCLS) 50 ft intervals White to 3,000 remaining, then alternate red/white to 1,000 remaining, then red for last 1,000 Land and Hold Short Lights (LAHSO) Row of 5 flush mounted flashing white lights at the hold short point,T

18、axiway Lighting,Taxiway Lead-off Lights Flush mounted alternating green and yellow lights at 50 feet intervals Curved path to intersecting taxiway Taxiway Centerline Lights Green Taxiway Edge Lights Blue,Pilot Controlled Lighting,Designed to conserve energy Key the mike: 7: high 5: medium 3: low Rem

19、ain on 15 min after last activation Details found in: AFD IAP charts legend,Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights,Beacon / daylight / BCDE ground visibility 3sm and/orceiling 1,000 Obstruction lights could be installed on: towers buildings powerlines,Bright red or high intensity white lights Could f

20、lash on and off,DESCENT BELOW DH/MDA14CFR 91.175(c),no pilot may operate an aircraft below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DH unless Flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach being used and Aircraft is continuousl

21、y in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers and Runway environment is in sight,FLIGHT VISIBILITY14CFR 1.1,Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and iden