独立主格结构讲解及练习

1、.独立主格结构的用法一、独立主晶格结构的概念独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词分词等组成的独立结构，用于修饰整个文章。独立主格结构的名词或代词及其后分词等构成了逻辑主谓关系。牙齿结构与主句没有语法连接，其位置相当灵活，可以放置在主句前面、主句末端或订单上，经常与逗号主句分隔。在句子中做副词等于一个状语从句。特别要注意，独立主格结构和主格之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格子结构的基本构成形式名词(代词)是现在分词。科举分词形容词副词否定式名词；介词短语)1.名词(代词)现在分词示例：The storm drawing near，the navvy decided

2、 to call it a day.The storm drawing near在句子中说：原因副词=Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day.由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖掘工决定完成工作。(call it a day今天到此结束)示例：winter coming，it gets colder and colder。Winter coming在句子中如下：=the winter comes，and it gets colder and colder。冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。制作文章：如果时间允许，我会

3、和你一起去。Time permitting，I will go with you。独立主格：条件副词=复盖：If time permits，I will go with you。制作文章：那姑娘看着他，他不知道说什么好。The girl staring at him，he didnt know what to say。独立主格：时间状语=复盖：as the girl stared at him，he didnt know what to say。n(代词)科举分词示例：he was listening attentively in class，his eyes fixed on the bla

4、ckboard .他上课专心听讲，眼睛盯着黑板。示例：the meeting gone over，every one tired to go home earlier。会议结束后，大家都想早点回家。制作文章：工作结束后，他回家了。The work done，he went back home。=when the work was done，he went back home。名词(代词)不定式在名词/代词动词不定式结构中，如果动词不定式和前面的名词或代词有逻辑上的主体关系，动词不定式就使用主动形式。如果是同宾关系，就使用被动形式。示例：the four of us agreed on a di

5、vision of labor，each to translate a quarter of the book .我们四个人同意分工，同意每人翻译全书的四分之一。示例：many trees，flowers，and grass to be planted，our school will look even more beautiful。种了很多树、花、草后，我们新建的学校看起来会更漂亮。制作文章：还有很多作业要做，我不能和你去。A lot of home work to do，I cant go with you。名词(代词)形容词Computers very small，we can use

6、them widely。电脑很小，但我们可以广泛地使用它们。He stood silent in the noon sunlight，its door open。名词(代词)副词The meeting over，our headmaster soon left the meeting room。会议结束后，校长迅速离开了会议室。灯灭了，我们不能继续工作了。创建文章：the lights off，we could not go on with the work。名词(代词)名词His first shot failure，he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪。two hund

7、red people died in the accident，many of them children。200人在事故中死亡，其中有很多孩子。n(代词)介词短语The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand。那个猎人手里拿着枪进了树林。三、with、without指导独立的主网格结构。With (without)宾语(名词/代词)宾语补足语，宾语通常用作名词或代词，但代词必须使用宾格。上述独立主格结构的几个茄子情况都适用于牙齿结构。the girl hid herbox without any one knowing where it was。小女孩

8、把箱子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。(without名词/代词动词的-ing形式)Without a word more spoken，she left the meeting room .她什么也没说就离开了会议室。(without名词/代词动词的-ed形式)the kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit。有这么多名胜古迹，孩子们很兴奋。(with名词/代词动词不定式)The boy was walking，with his father ahead。爸爸在前面，孩子在后面走。(with名词/代词副词)He sto

9、od at the door，with a computer in his hand。或he stood at the door，computer in hand .他站在门口，手里拿着一台电脑。(with名词/代词介词短语)With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy。儿子如此失望，老人感到很不幸。(with名词/代词形容词)在With (Without)的复合结构中，在大多数情况下可以省略with，但不能省略without。制作文章：老师走进教室，胳膊下夹着一本书。the teacher walked into the cla

10、ss room，with a book under his arm。制作文章：老师坐在椅子上，周围的一群学生围住了他。The teacher is sitting in the chair，with a group of students around him制作文章：工作结束后，他回家了。With the work done，he went back home。制作文章：那个男孩带路，我们很容易找到那个奇怪的洞。With the boy leading the way，we had no trouble finding the strange cave。四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构

11、在句子中一般是副词，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等，也可以是定语。1.做时间副词我的shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting .我脱下鞋子，走进屋顶低的房间，小心地踩在柔软的榻榻米垫子上。The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path。总督想到这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他通过的路上。2.作为条件副词Weather permitting，they wi

12、ll go on an outing to the beach tomorrow。如果天气允许，他们明天将组织海滨野餐。Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him。如果情况是这样，你没有理由解雇他。3.作为原因副词The boy leading the way，we had no trouble finding the strange cave。那个男孩带路，我们很容易找到那个奇怪的洞。there being no further business to discuss，we all went home。没有别的事要讨论

13、，我们都回家了。4.附带的副词或附加说明I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respect fully on either side。我拿着车票和奶酪，气呼呼地走到平台上。人们好像很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。ten students entered for the competition，the youngest a boy of 12 .10名学生报名参加了这次比赛，最小的是12岁的男孩。比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed格式

14、表示动作结束，动词-ing格式通常表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle。经理看起来很焦急，有太多事情要处理。(事情还没有处理，由经理本人处理，使用不定式to settle。）The manager looks relaxed，many things settled。“事情已经处理好了。动词-ed形式的settled表示动作结束。The food being cooked，the boy was watching TV。孩子们一边做饭一边看电视。(两个动作同时执行)The food cooked，the boy went

15、 to bed。饭做好了，孩子上床睡觉了。“两个茄子动作有先后，饭已经做好了，孩子去睡觉。”五、独立主格子结构的特殊使用1.一些分词可以独立存在，句子没有逻辑主语，实际上已经成为习惯用法。牙齿词组是：Generally speaking一般，Frankly speaking老实说，Judging from是.判断、Supposing假设等。 generally speaking，the rule is very easy to understand .总的来说，牙齿规则很容易理解。 judging from what he said，he must be an honest man。从他说的判

16、断，他一定是个诚实的人。2.部分固定词组以有to的否定式表示说话者的立场或态度，在句子中产生独立性。牙齿短语： to be honest老实说，to be sure，to tell you the truth老实说，to cut a long story short长话短说，to be frank老实说，to make matters/the to tell you the truth，I made a mistake in the word spelling。老实说，我犯了拼写错误。单独填空1.the lecture _ _ _ _ _ _ _，he left his seat so qui

17、etly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker。A.began b . beginning c . having begun d . being beginning2.such _ _ _ _ _ _ the case，I have no other choices。A.being B. is C. was D. to be3.darkness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in，the young people strolled on the streets。A.set B. setting C. has set D. was set4.with all fact