sonnet-18赏析.ppt

1、William Shakespeare1564-1616,dramatist, man of theatre, and poet,He was born on 23 April 1564 and died on 23 April 1616.,154 sonnets,2 long poems,37 plays,Tragedies,Comedies,History plays,Roman plays,Shakespeares Works,Shakespeares Four Tragedies,Hamlet 哈姆雷特,King Lear李尔王,“Othello,Macbeth麦克白,These ar

2、e often considered his greatest plays.,Hamlet, Prince of Denmark The summit of Shakespeares art Hamlet: Prince of Denmark Claudius: the new king Gertrude: Queen of Denmark Ophelia: daughter of Polonius,Who is Hamlet? 1. A humanist, free from medieval prejudices and supersitions Infinite love for the

3、 world rather for heaven Profound love and respect for man, and a firm belief in mans power over destiny 2. This humanist love of man makes Hamlet turn to those around him (his father, Ophelia) with the same sincere eagerness. He loves good and hates evil. He shows a contempt for rank and wealth. A

4、king and beggar are all one to him. His democratic tendency is based on his humanist thought. 3. Man of superb intelligence, a close observer of men and manners, he easily sees through people. He could penetrate below the surface of things. He is forever.,unmasking the world. He discovers how wicked

5、 and unjust the world he lives in is. His observation of his world is summed up in a bitter sentence: “Denmark is a prison.” Hamlet is not a mere scholar, simply meditative by nature. On the contrary, Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and spark

6、ling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.,Hamlets melancholy is the result of his penetrating mind. An explanation of Hamlets hesitation: Hamlet gives a reason. If he kills the villain now, he would send his soul

7、to heaven; and he would rather kill his soul. Real reason: Actually he is shrinking from his responsibility of premeditated killing of a king and its political result, because at that time the abrupt death of the King might cause panic to the people and danger to the state. So what he considers now

8、is no longer his personal wrong but the fate of his country. A Freudian explanation: Oedipus complex,Quotations: 1)Hamlet, III:1To be, or not to be: that is the question.2)Alls Well That Ends Well, I:2Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.3)Twelfth Night, II:5Be not afraid of greatness. Some are b

9、orn great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon em.,4)Merchant of Venice, III:1If you prick us do we not bleed? If you tickle us do we not laugh? If you poison us do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? 5) As You Like It, II, vii All the worlds a stage, and a

10、ll the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. 6) It is a wise father that knows his own child. 7) Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls

11、the edge of husbandry. . ,8) MACBETH Out, out, brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stageAnd then is heard no more: it is a taleTold by an idiot, full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing.,The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,Hamlet is reg

12、arded as Shakespeares most popular and greatest play on the stage. Hamlet is also considered the summit of shakespeares art. The story comes from an old danish legend. .,The storyThe action of the play is laid in Denmark. Gertrude, queen of Denmark, widowed by the sudden death of the king, within tw

13、o months marries the late kings brother Claudius who thun becomes the new king.Prince hamlet, son of the lake king, returns home from the university of Wittenberg. he suspects foul play on the part of Claudius, his uncle. Then his fathers ghost appears to him at the castle of Elsinor, and confirms h

14、amlets suspicion. He undertakes to avenge the murder. To dull Claudiuss vigilance, hamlet pretends to have gone mad. However, his madness is taken by Polonius, an old courtier, to be an emotional disturbance due to his passion for Ophilia, daughter of Polonius.,At this moment, a company of players v

15、isits the castle, and hamlet has a play acted, which resembles the late kings murder. Claudius is deeply disturbed by the performance and leaves the hall before the play is finished. Hamlet is summoned by his mother, who tells him that he has offended the king. Hamlet reveals Claudiuss baseness and

16、expresses his indignation at her hasty marriage. Then hamlet becomes aware that he is being overheard in the conversation. Thinking it is Claudius that is in hiding, he runs his sword through the arras but finds the eavedropper thus killed to be Polonius.,To get ride of hamlet, claudius send him to

17、england and sends assasins to kill him on the voyage. But hamlet succeeds in coming out of it alive and returns to denmark again.Heart-broken at the death of her father, poor ophelia goes mad and then is drowned in a stream. Hamlet returns just at the time of ophelias funeral. In the grave-yard he h

18、as a quarrel with laertes, ophelias brother.,Latertes vows to avenge the death of his sister and father. With him claudius arranges that laertes is to challenge hamlet to a friendly duel and kill him with a poisoned rapier. In the sword play, laertes wounds hamlet but is himself struck with the same

19、 poisoned rapier by hamlet. Before death, laertes reveals the plot to hamlet. The queen, at this moment, has drunk from a poisoned cup intended for hamlet. Hamlet then, in a passion, stabs claudius. The queen dies, claudius dies, laertes dies, hamlet dies. And hamlets body is borne off with military

20、 ceremonial, by fortinbras his successor. The rest is silence.,The tragical history of hamlet, prince of denmark (1601)丹麦王子哈姆雷特的悲剧故事是根据13世纪初丹麦历史学家 saxo grammaticus 的记载，叙述丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父亲报仇，杀死他的篡夺王位的叔父的故事。莎士比亚在剧本中改造了丹麦的历史故事，改造了故事中主人公的性格，创造了哈姆雷特这个复杂深刻的人物。通过这个人物和他周围环境之间的冲突，莎士比亚反映了文艺复兴时期人文主义思想家的理想与资本主义原始积累时期

21、社会现实之间的无法调和的矛盾。剧本中所描述的中世纪的丹麦实际上就是指的16、17世纪的英国，丹麦王子哈姆雷特实际上就是文艺复兴时期英国社会进步青年的代表。对于这些青年来说，当时英国的政治、英国的社会真是太黑暗了。难怪哈姆雷特说：丹麦是一所监狱，丹麦是一间最坏的囚室。,Hamlets soliloquy,For such a figure as Hamlet, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpa

22、ssing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context. The most famous soliloquy is perhaps “to be or not to be” in Act III, Scene I, Hamlet.,Soliloquy,Soliloquy: 1. an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or ob

23、livious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a characters innermost thoughts); 2. the act of talking while or as if alone Soliloquy: or monologue, a dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character reveals his or her thoughts when alone or unaware of the p

24、resence of other characters.,The form of soliloquy,Soliloquy is often used in Blank verse (无韵诗，素体诗). Blank verse consists of five feet (ten syllables) in iambic（抑扬格） pentameter（五音步诗行） without end rhyme. This form has generally been accepted as that best adapted to dramatic verse in English and is co

25、mmonly used for long poems whether dramatic, philosophic, or narrative.,Soliloquys function,1. to give free and complete expression to a complicated state of mind and feeling of a character 2. to provide a point of view on the events of the play.,哈姆雷特的著名独白探索生和死的问题，指出思想和行动之间的矛盾。这段独白并不是说明哈姆雷特想借自杀来逃避替父

26、报仇的责任，而是表达了人文主义思想家对生死问题的思考。在这段独白之前，哈姆雷特已和演员们约好当天夜间在宫中上演一出小戏，特请国王和王后观赏。他叫演员们演的戏很象他叔父谋害他父亲、娶他母亲的内容，目的在于观察他叔父对这出戏的反应，用以证实鬼魂所说关于谋杀的罪行。若经证明他叔父果然是凶手，那么他就要立刻采取行动替父报仇。他焦急地等待着夜晚的来临，以便进行这个关键性的试验。在这段无事可作的等待期间，他心情更加沉重了。他想到死是一条出路，但是他并未下决心自杀。,他权衡着生和死的得失；他想到每个人都掌握着自己的生死命运。拚一死去和罪恶社会作战呢？还是消极地忍受世间的不平和痛苦？在这里哈姆雷特历数英国社会

27、上不平等、非正义的现象。他考虑到拿起武器和罪恶社会作斗争，采取行动替父亲报仇，都可能要付出生命作为代价，因此他想到生存和死亡的问题。死亡可以结束一切尘世间的痛苦，何乐而不为？但是死亡究竟是个谜，死后可能还有来生，来生可能有更多、更可怕的痛苦在等待着我们，如同睡眠中有恶梦一般。由于这个顾虑，人们宁愿忍受漫长的、痛苦的一生，而不肯轻易用一柄小小的刀子来结束自己的生命。因此，顾虑使我们成为懦夫。哈姆雷特从生死问题转而思索思想和行动之间的关系。思想是指导行动的，但是想得太多却令人踌躇不前，误了大事。这是哈姆雷特对自己的警告。,文艺复兴时期的人文主义者，既是思想家，又是行动家。在这段独白里，哈姆雷特决不

28、是在宣传自杀。相反，他所主张的是拿起武器和罪恶社会战斗，是思想必须付诸行动。这正是文艺复兴时期人文主义思想家所极力主张的。,That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing.,To be or not to be,To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis(诗 it is) nobler in the mind to suffer The slings No more; a

29、nd by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd.,死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。,To die: to sleep. It is a metaphor. Hamlet spoke of suicide as an escape. His speech has

30、become proverbial as an outpouring of utter world- weariness.,To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause.,死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些

31、什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。,Why is it “the rub”? What makes us pause? Hamlet thinks that suicide is a desirable action of escaping, but what will happen after dying? It alludes to hesitation for sleeping/ dying because Hamlet realizes that unknown dreams will make us terrified.,Theres the respect That makes ca

32、lamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely,The pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodki

33、n?,人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？,This speech confirms Hamlets suspicion of afterlife. People would rather suffer life- long miseries than to sleep to undergo the unknown dreams. Because comparatively the latter is mor

34、e fearful.,who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscoverd country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of?,谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命

35、的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？,To be is more difficult and fearful than not to be. The speech indirectly gives Hamlet a reason why he has always been hesitating for taking revenge. Hamlet has to live a suspected life between fact and fiction, lang

36、uage and action. It is his speculation and vulnerability as well.,Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awry, And lose the name of a

37、ction.,这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。,Hamlet thus concludes that the dread of the afterlife leads to excessive moral sensitivity that makes action impossible.,- Soft you now!The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy (your) orisons Be all my sins rememberd.,且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！女

38、神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。,Hamlets theme,Taking of revenge. The revenging theme is interrelated with themes of faithlessness, love and ambition. Contrast is an important structural principle in Hamlet. The suspicion between fact and fiction, language and action. Procrastination.,Notes on the soliloquy,

39、Line or not to be: to end ones life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving, however, a different reason for refraining. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life.Practically

40、 the whole of hamlets speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldweariness. Of course, much of the imagery is not peculiar to shakespeare or any writer, e.G., the likening of death to starting on a long journey.Slings: i.E. Missings thrown by slingsTake arms against a sea of trouble

41、s: to take up arms and rush upon the waves of the sea was a custom attributed by several classical writers to the celts. The troubles are pictured as advancing like some overwhelming tide.No more: just that, only that, i.E. Falling on sleep,Consummation: a completion of ones life, a crowning and fit

42、ting endWhat dreams: i.E. The thought of what dreams may comeMortal coil: turmoil of mortality, confused trouble of mortal lifeRespect: consideration= regardOf so long life: so long-lived,Time: the times, the world, ones contemporariesMight his quietus make: might give himself his release from lifes

43、 troublesThought: anxietyAnd lose the name of action: even as a river may lose itself in a sandy waste and so after its long course never reach the sea: wonderful symbol, indeed, of frustration and failure,Some notions,Unrhymed: without end rhyme, having no regular correspondence of sounds at the en

44、ds of lines. iambus: a metrical（诗的格律的，韵律的） foot consisting of an unstressed syllable（音节） (-) followed by a stressed syllable (), e.g.: begin (- ). A pentameter means a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet. A foot is (usually) two or three syllables that contain one strong stress.,Iambic Pe

45、ntameter,- - - - - - To be, | or not | to be: | that is | the question: - - - - - - Whether | tis nob | ler in | the mind | to suffer,Sonnet Sequence,He published 154 sonnets in 1609. 14 lines The Shakespearean Sonnet or English sonnet, contains 3 quatrains and a couplet (abab cdcd efef gg) Shakespe

46、are didnt invent (Wyatt and Surrey did), but was most popular user of the form Usually 3 quatrains set up the problem, couplet offers the solution Tomas Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature. So named because Shakespeare was its greatest practioner. This form is adopted

47、 by many writers at the end of the 16th century. A number of themes,Sonnet:,Sonnet: a fourteen-line poem with complex rhyme scheme and structure. A Shakespearian sonnet has fourteen lines of iambic pentameters, a variable rhyme scheme, and is divided into three quatrains (a four line stanza) with a

48、concluding couplet that usually express the theme of the Sonnet. A Shakespearian sonneta fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg.,A Spenserian sonnet has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no break between the octave (an ei

49、ght line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.,十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。莎士比亚的十四行诗早在1960年前发表就以手抄本的形式流传民间，其主题思想以歌颂爱情与友谊为主。这些诗共154首，分为三组。第一组（1126首）写给一位青年男子，诗人告诫他要早些结婚，生儿育女; 第二组（127152）描写一位姿色不佳的“黑肤女郎”（dark lady），诗人对他的态度是毫不掩饰

50、的情欲；第三组（153154）与前两组毫无关系，好像是同一首诗写了两遍。在韵脚上，莎士比亚创作了自己的诗韵，即有名的莎士比亚十四行诗韵：abab, cdcd, efef, gg。,Sonnet 18 第一十八首,Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds ofMay, And summers lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye

51、 of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed,And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal

52、lines to time thou growst,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,我怎样能把你比做夏天？ 你比它更可爱也更温和： 五月的娇蕾有暴风震颠， 夏季的寿命很短就度过。 有时候当空照耀着烈日，又往往它的光采转阴淡； 凡是美艳终把美艳消失， 遭受运数和时序的摧残。 你永恒的夏季永不凋零， 而且长把你的美艳保存； 死神难夸你踏它的幽影， 只因永恒的诗和你同春。 天地间能有人鉴赏文采， 诗就流传就教你永在 录自王佐良主编英国诗选P707

53、1，上海译文出版社1988年版。,Rhyme Scheme of Sonnet 18,Quatrain 1 A Shall I compare thee to a summers DAY? B Thou art more lovely and more temperATE: A Rough winds do shake the darling buds of MAY, B And summers lease hath all too short a DATE: Quatrain 2C Sometime too hot the eye of heaven SHINES,. D And often

54、 is his gold complexion DIMMD;. C And every fair from fair sometime deCLINES, D By chance or natures changing course unTRIMMD;. Quatrain 3 E But thy eternal summer shall not FADE,F Nor lose possession of that fair thou OWEST;. E Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his SHADE, F When in eternal line

55、s to time thou GROWEST:. Couplet G So long as men can breathe or eyes can SEE, G So long lives this and this gives life to THEE.,you,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:

56、 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：,Extravagant praise compares a summer day as less lovely and constant as the beloved.,If I compared you to a summer day, / Id have to say you are more beautiful and serene: / By comparison, summer is rough on budding life, / And doesnt last long e

57、ither:,you,You are,gentle,charming; pleasing,duration, time allotted,has,a limited period of time,strong winds,lovely,Quatrain 2,The sun is sometimes too hot in summer or occasionally shaded. Every beautiful thing becomes less beautiful through chance or time. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shin

58、es, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。,the sun,natural color and appearance of the skin of the face,not bright,every beautiful thing or person,from

59、beauty,stripped of beauty,Untrimmed by chance, or natures changing course,fortune,At times the summer sun is too hot, / And at other times clouds dim its brilliance; / Everything fair in nature becomes less fair from time to time, / No one can change trim nature or chance;,Quatrain 3,Transition in the sestet to counter that the beloveds beauty will not fade or die because of the poem. But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou gr