Result-section.ppt

1、,Research paper writing Result section,7/27/2020,1,The result section presents: The major generalizations of the data The data supporting the generalizations The supporting data must be presented fully enough that the reader can evaluate the strength.,7/27/2020,2,Commentary in results section,Thomps

2、on (2010) studied the results section from 20 published papers. Authors should be aware of their audience. “Why to use this method rather than one? Isnt this result strange?”,7/27/2020,3,7/27/2020,4,Highlight the results Access standard theory, common beliefs, or general practice in the light of the

3、 given data. Compare and evaluate different data sets. Access the reliability of the data,7/27/2020,5,Discuss the implications of the data Structure of data commentary Summary statements Highlighting statements Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions etc.,7/27/2020,6,Location elements and

4、summaries Table 1 shows Table 5 provides Figure 4.2 gives a. The common modes of infection are shown in table 1.,7/27/2020,7,b. Details of the fertilizers used are provided in table 5. c. The results of the second experiment are given in figure 4.2.,7/27/2020,8,Language focus,Verbs in indicative and

5、 informative summaries Table 1 shows the most common modes of infection (indicative) Table 1 shows that the most common source of infection is external sources (informative),7/27/2020,9,Some verbs can be used with only one type of summary statement. Provide, for example, can only be used in an indic

6、ative summary. Table 1 provides infection-source percentages and NOT Table 1 provides that the most common source of,7/27/2020,10,2. Linking as clauses - As shown in table 1, home disks are the most frequent source of infection. As can be seen in figure 8, infant mortality is still high in urban are

7、as. - As revealed by the graph, the defect rate has declined.,7/27/2020,11,As it has been proved, the theory may have practical importance. As has been proved, the theory may have practical importance. Using prepositions with the linking statement is significant.,7/27/2020,12,in- As shown in table 3

8、, from- As can be seen from the data in table 1 by- As shown by the data in table 1, On- As described on page 24,7/27/2020,13,Highlighting statements,Spot trends or regularities in the data Separate more important findings from less important ones. Make claim of appropriate strength. - Do not repeat

9、 all the details in words, attempt to cover all the information, or claim more than is reasonable.,7/27/2020,14,Probability A reduced speed limit will result in fewer highway injuries. A reduced speed limit may result in fewer highway injuries. A reduced speed limit might/could result in fewer highw

10、ay injuries.,7/27/2020,15,In following examples, the phrases weaken in strength. It is certain that It is almost certain that It is very probable/highly likely that It is probable/likely that It is possible that,7/27/2020,16,It is unlikely that It is very unlikely/highly improbable that that There i

11、s a strong possibility that There is a good possibility that There is a definite possibility that There is a slightly possibility that There is a remote possibility that,7/27/2020,17,Distance Consumers have less confidence in the economy today than ten years ago. Consumers seem to have less confiden

12、ce in the economy. Consumers appear to have less confidence in the economy.,7/27/2020,18,It would seem/appear that consumers have less confidence in the economy. Generalization Consumers have less confidence in the economy. Consumers tend to have less confidence in the economy.,7/27/2020,19,Qualify

13、the subject Many consumers have less confidence in the economy. A majority of consumers have less confidence in the economy. In most part of the country, consumers have less confidence in the economy.,7/27/2020,20,Add exceptions Apart from With the exception of Except for,7/27/2020,21,Weaker verbs C

14、laims can be reduced in strength by Choosing a weaker verb. Deregulation caused the banking crisis (stronger) Deregulation contributed the banking Crisis (weaker),7/27/2020,22,Concluding a data commentary,Explanations and/or implications- usually required Unexpected results or unsatisfactory data- i

15、f necessary Possible further research or possible future predictions- if appropriate,7/27/2020,23,Dealing with problems,Phrases May be due to Can be attributed to Can probably be accounted for Is probably a consequence of Would seem to stem from,7/27/2020,24,Dealing with graphs,Upward trend Peak Low

16、 point Sharp rise Steep fall Rise Leveling off,7/27/2020,25,7/27/2020,26,Fall of Remained steady Spike Increase Decline Minimum Maximum Linear increase,7/27/2020,27,Dealing with chronological data,From 1982 to 1985 the pass rate rose. During the first four years, the pass rate rose. The pass rate fl

17、uctuated from 1982 to 1994. The pass rate fluctuated throughout the period.,7/27/2020,28,The pass rate remained under 50% from 1986 to 1991. The pass rate remained under 50% until 1991.,7/27/2020,29,Findings summarized and contributions made to the research work Some highlights for the paper interpr

18、etation of the methods, results, data by analyzing your data prepared in the form of a figure (graph) or table Basis for the discussion and conclusions,7/27/2020,30,Never include raw data or intermediate calculations in a research paper. Never present the same data more than once presented in figure

19、s or tables.,7/27/2020,31,Understanding results-structure,Major generalization of the results Data supporting of the generalization (commentary) Highlighting results statements: trends/ regularities Comparison or contrast between the data within the present research Discussions of implications (alar

20、ming problems or exceptions),7/27/2020,32,Commentary strategies,Highlighting the results Assessment of common belief or general practice in the light of given data Comparison and evaluation of different data sets Implication of the data,7/27/2020,33,Justifying the methods Interpreting the results Ci

21、ting agreement with standard theory Commenting on the data,7/27/2020,34,Understanding the results- linguistic features,Tense: past and present Voice: passive and active Table 1 shows(present)+ noun phrase (General summary) Table 1 shows that (present)+ clause (specific summary) As shown in table 1+

22、clause,7/27/2020,35,Most common habits in paper writing,7/27/2020,36,Very long sentences Very long sentences are especially common in paper writing because the writers often translate directly from their language to English.,7/27/2020,37,The main idea and each supporting idea should be written in se

23、parate sentences.,7/27/2020,38,Examples,Too long The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85 meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6 meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 meters, the length of the jacking sectio

24、n is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127 tons.,7/27/2020,39,Clear Case clearance height 6.15 meters Roof thickness 0.85 meters Bottom thickness 0.90 meters Overall width 26.6 meters Overall length of the axial cord 304.5 meters Length of the jacking section 148.8 meters (approx

25、.) Weight of the case 24127 tons (approx.),7/27/2020,40,Prefacing the main idea of a sentence,Authors often preface the main topic of a sentence by first stating the purpose, location, reason, examples and conditions as introductory elements. However, this has the effect of demoting the importance o

26、f the main idea and making the reader think the author is indirect.,7/27/2020,41,Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any locations, reasons, etc.,7/27/2020,42,Incorrect For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leathe

27、r manufacturing. Correct This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors.,7/27/2020,43,Incorrect To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.16 Correct CMMs are

28、widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.,7/27/2020,44,Tendency of placing phrases,Incorrect When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for =0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig. 8. Correct Figure 8 shows the BDs for =0.0, 0.001, an

29、d 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.,7/27/2020,45,Place the most important subject at the beginning,Incorrect Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended STL format is described in this section.4 Correct The extended STL format is desc

30、ribed in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.,7/27/2020,46,Numbers,Two very common errors are those concerning the presentation of Arabic numerals, and equations. Authors usually write Arabic numerals instead of spelling out the word. The us

31、e of Arabic numerals, itself, is not an error however; they should never be used at the beginning of sentences.,7/27/2020,47,Example Incorrect 12 parameters were selected for the experiment. Correct Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.,7/27/2020,48,In addition, Arabic numerals are ove

32、rused. Arabic numerals should be used to give data in technical papers, however they should not be used to give general information.,7/27/2020,49,Example Incorrect All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30C. Correct All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be

33、 30C.,7/27/2020,50,such as and etc,Such as and etc. are commonly misused by writers. Such as means for example and implies that an incomplete list will follow; etc. means and so on and is used at the end of a list to show it is not complete. Therefore, using such as and etc. together is redundant.,7

34、/27/2020,51,Incorrect Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile, motors, printers, etc. Correct Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile, motors, and printers.,7/27/2020,52,Such as means that an incomplete list will be given and should not