Chap_11公共物品和共有资源(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语).ppt

1、,Public Goods and Common Resources公共物品和共有资源,Chapter 11,“The best things in life are free. . .”,Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets,for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.,“生活中最

2、好的东西就是免费的”,免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑战。 在我们的经济中，大部分物品是在市场中配置的。,对这些物品来说，价格是引导买者和卖者决策的信号。,“The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. 当一些物品可以免费得到时，在正常情况下，经济中配置资源的市场力量就不存在了。,“The bes

3、t things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. 当一种物品没有价格时，私人市场就不能保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。,“The best things in life are free. . .” “生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,In such cases, gove

4、rnment policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being. 在上述情况下，政府政策可以潜在地解决市场失灵，并增进经济福利。,The Different Kinds of Goods,When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: Is the good excludable?

5、 Is the good rival?,不同类型的物品,在考虑经济中的各种物品时，根据两个特点来对物品分类是有用的: 物品有排他性吗？ 物品有竞争性吗?,The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型的物品,Excludability 排他性 People can be prevented from enjoying the good. 可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性 Laws recognize and enforce private property rights. 法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。,The Different Kinds of Goods不同类型

6、的物品,Rivalness 竞争性 One persons use of the good diminishes another persons enjoyment of it. 一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。,Four Types of Goods四种物品,Private Goods 私人物品 Public Goods 公共物品 Common Resources 共有资源 Natural Monopolies 自然垄断,Types of Goods 物品的类型,Private Goods 私人物品 Are both excludable and rival. 既有排他性又有

7、竞争性。 Public Goods 公共物品 Are neither excludable nor rival. 既无排他性又无竞争性。,Types of Goods 物品的类型,Common Resources 共有资源 Are rival but not excludable. 有竞争性但无排他性。 Natural Monopolies 自然垄断 Are excludable but not rival. 有排他性但无竞争性。,Four Types of Goods,四种物品类型,Public Goods,Goods that are not excludable and, therefo

8、re, are available to everyone free of charge. Externalities arise because something of value has no price attached to it. People receive benefits without having to compensate anyone for the use of scarce resources.,公共物品,每个人都可以免费得到不具有排他性的物品。 因为具有价值的东西没有相应的市场价格，从而导致了外部性。 人们从使用稀缺资源中得到利益而不必向任何人进行支付。,The

9、 Free-Rider Problem搭便车问题,A free-rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it. 搭便车者得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。,The Free-Rider Problem,Since people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a public good, individuals may withhold paying for the good hoping that others w

10、ill pay for it. The free-rider problem prevents private markets from supplying public goods.,搭便车问题,因为不能排除个人从公共物品中享受利益，所以他们不愿意自己支付成本，而希望他人支付。 搭便车者问题排除了私人市场提供公共物品。,Solving the Free-Rider Problem,The government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs. The government

11、 can make everyone better off by providing the public good and paying for it with tax revenue.,解决搭便车问题,如果政府确信，总利益大于总成本，它就可以提供公共物品。 政府提供公共物品，并用税收为它支付，这样可以使每个人的状况变好。,Some Important Public Goods一些重要公共物品,National Defense 国防 Basic Research 基础研究 Programs to Fight Poverty 反贫困项目,Are Lighthouses Public Goods

12、?灯塔是公共物品吗？,The Difficult Job of Cost-Benefit Analysis,Cost benefit analysis refers to a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good. In order to decide whether to provide a public good or not, the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to t

13、he costs of providing and maintaining the public good.,成本 收益分析是一个难题,成本收益分析 是比较提供一种物品对整个社会带来的总收益和总成本的研究。 为了决定是否提供某种公共物品，必须将使用该公共物品的所有人得到的总利益与提供并维护该项公共物品的总成本进行比较。,The Difficult Job of Cost-Benefit Analysis,A cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate the total costs and benefits of the project to

14、 society as a whole. It is difficult to do because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs. The value of life, the consumers time, and aesthetics are difficult to assess.,成本 收益分析是一个难题,成本收益分析 用来评估一个项目给整个社会能带来的收益和资源成本。 由于缺乏用来评估社会收益和资源成本的市场价格，所以成本收益分析是一项艰难的工作。 生命、

15、时间和艺术的价值很难评估。,Common Resources 共有资源,Common resources, like public goods, are not excludable. They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them. 共有资源与公共物品一样没有排他性。想使用共有资源的任何一个人都可以免费使用。,Common Resources 共有资源,Common resources are rival goods because one persons use of the common resourc

16、e reduces other peoples use. 共有资源具有竞争性，因为一个人使用共有资源就减少了其他人对它的享用。,Tragedy of the Commons,The Tragedy of the Commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole. Common resources tend to be used excessively when individual

17、s are not charged for their usage. This creates a negative externality.,共有地的悲剧,共有地的悲剧一个寓言，说明从整个社会的角度看为什么共有资源的使用大于合意的水平。 当个人免费使用共有资源时，共有资源往往被过度使用。 这就产生了负外部性。,Examples of Common Resources共有资源的例子,Clean air and water 清洁空气和水 Congested roads 拥挤的道路 Fish, whales, and other wildlife 鱼类、鲸鱼和其他野生动物,Why Isnt the

18、 Cow Extinct?为什么黄牛没有绝种？,Private Ownership and the Profit Motive! 私人产权和利益驱动,Will the market protect me? 市场保护我吗?,Conclusion: Importance of Property Rights,The market fails to allocate resources efficiently when property rights are not well-established (i.e. some item of value does not have an owner wi

19、th the legal authority to control it).,结论：产权的重要性,当没有很好地建立产权时（这就是说，某些有价值的东西并没有在法律上有权控制它的所有者） ，市场就不能有效地配置资源。,Conclusion: Importance of Property Rights结论：产权的重要性,When the absence of property rights causes a market failure, the government can potentially solve the problem. 当没有产权而引起市场失灵时，政府可以潜在地解决这个问题。,Su

20、mmary,Goods differ in whether they are excludable and whether they are rival. A good is excludable if it is possible to prevent someone from using it. A good is rival if one persons enjoyment of the good prevents other people from enjoying the same unit of the good.,小结,物品的差别在于它们是否具有排他性和是否具有竞争性。 如果排除某个人使用某种物品是可能的，这种物品就具有排他性。 如果一个人对某种物品的享用排除了其他人享用同