本硕双语课件.ppt

1、组 织 学,主讲: 陈晓蓉 教 授,第一章 组织学绪论,一、定义 组织学是研究机体微细结构及其相关功能的科学。 二、研究方法简介 1、一般光学显微镜术 2、组织化学和细胞化学术 3、免疫细胞化学术 4、同位素示踪术 5、原位杂交术 6、细胞和细胞化学定量术 7、电子显微镜术 8、组织培养术 三、学习方法几要点,第二章 上皮组织(Epithelial Tissue) 目的与要求 1 掌握上皮组织的特点、分类及上皮组织的特殊结构 2 了解各种上皮的形态、分布及腺上皮的功能 授课提纲 一、上皮组织的特点 1、细胞排列密集，细胞间质很少。2、有极性。3、有基膜。4、无血管 二、被覆上皮(Coverin

2、g Epitheleum)的类型和结构 1. 单层扁平上皮(Simple Squamous Epitheleum) 内皮 衬贴在心、血管和淋巴管腔面的单层扁平上皮 间皮 分布在胸膜、腹膜和心包膜表面的单层扁平上皮 其它 肺泡、肾小囊壁层。,2、单层立方上皮(Simple Cuboidal Epithelium) 分布:肾小管等处。 肾小管、甲状腺滤泡,3、单层柱状上皮(Simple Columnar Epithelium) 胃肠、子宫输卵管上皮,4、假复层纤毛柱状上皮 ( Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium) 呼吸道腔面,5、复层扁平上皮

3、(Stratified Squamous Epithelium) 角化复层扁平上皮 皮肤表面 未角化复层扁平上皮 口腔、食管等腔面,6 变移上皮(移行上皮) ( Transitional Epithelium) 排尿管道腔面 收缩状态：层数多 扩张状态：层数减少、细胞变扁,三、上皮组织的特殊结构(Specialized Structures of Epithelial Cell)1 、游离面(Free Surface)（1）细胞衣（糖衣）(Glycocalyx)：薄层绒毛状的复合糖。功能：粘着、支持、保护、物质交换、识别。（2）微绒毛(Microvilli)：上皮细胞游离面伸出的细小指状突起。

4、功能：参与细胞吸收物质的作用。（3）纤毛(Cilia)：上皮细胞游离面伸出的能摆动的较长突起。功能：定向摆动，可排出细菌和灰尘。,2 、侧面(Lateral Surface) （1）紧密连接（闭锁小带）(Tight junction) 功能：机械性连接作用、封闭细胞顶部细胞间隙，防止大分子物质进入组织内。（2）中间连接（粘着小带）(Intermediate junction) 功能：粘着作用、保持细胞形状和传递细胞间收缩力。（3）桥粒（粘着斑）(Desmosome) 功能：牢固的细胞连接（4）缝隙连接（通讯连接）(Gap junction) 功能：交换小分子物质和离子及传递电冲动,3、基底面(

5、Basal Surface )（1）基膜 (Basement membrane) 电镜下（EM）分三层：透明板、致密板（基板）、网织板（网板） 薄者：透明板和基板 功能：支持连接作用，引导上皮移动影响上皮分化（2）质膜内褶(Plasma membrane infolding) 功能：扩大基底面表面积，有利水和电解质转运（3）半桥粒 (Hemidesmosome) :连接上皮和基膜,思考题 1、上皮组织有哪些特点？ 2、上皮组织的分类依据及分类？ 3、内皮和间皮的概念 4、上皮组织有哪些特殊结构及各种特殊结构的功能,CHAPTER 2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE OUTLINE Epit

6、helium consists of cells that are closely applied to each other with very little intercellular substance. The cells that make up an epithelium have distinct polarity. They exhibit functionally distinct surface domains, namely, a free surface and a basal surface.,Blood vessels do not penetrate the ba

7、sement membrane to enter the epithelial layers. Epithelial tissues have the follo-wing principal functions: protection ，absorption, secretion, and excretion etc. Epethelium is classified according to the arrangement and shape of its cells. Epithelium which is only one cell deep is called simple;,epi

8、thelium which is more than one cell deep is called stratified. On the basis of cell shape epithelium is designated as squamous, cuboidal, or columnar, thus by joining these descriptive terms, we may describe an epithelium as simple squamous, as stratified squamous, or stratified cuboidal, etc.,Epith

9、elia are customarily classified according to their structure and function into two main types: covering epithelium and glandular epithelium. Covering epithelia are tissues whose cells are organized in membranous layers that cover the external surface or line the cavities of the body. In two location

10、s, epithelium has special names, endothelium and mesothelium.,Endothelium lines the inner surface of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Mesothelium lines the serous membranes of the body, namely, the pleura, the pericardium and the peritoneum. Two special categories of epithelium are p

11、seudostratified and transitional. Pseudostratified epithelium has the appearance of being stratified.,Some of the cells do not reach the free surface; however, all rest on the basement membrane. Thus, it is actually a simple epithelium. transitional epithelium is a name applied to the epithelium lin

12、ing the pelvis of the kidney, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.,It is a stratified epithelium that has rather specific morphologic characteristics and functionally accommodates well to distension. The free surface of epithelial cells may contain cilia, stereocilia, or microv

13、illi according to the function of the cells. Cilia enable the cells to move mucus or other materials along the surface.,Stereocilia are special surface modifications that are found in the ductus epididymis and the face. Stereocilia are special surface modifications that are found in the ductus epidi

14、dymis and the ductus deferens. Microvilli are found on the surface of cells that engage in absorptive activity.,There are four types of cell junctions between epithelial cells, including tight junction, intermediate junction, desmosome and gap junction. The structure consisting of at least two types

15、 of cell junction is the junctional complex. Separating the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue is a basement membrane.,When the basement membrane is examined with the electron microscope, it is found to consist of a thin amorphous layer, designated the basal lamina, and a thicker layer

16、 containing delicate reticular fibers, designated the reticular lamina. The basal lamina is immediately subjacent to the epithelium and the reticular lamina faces the underlying connective tissue.,According to the way the secretory products leave the cell, glands may be classified as exocrine gland

17、or endocrine gland. Exocrine glands have a secertory portion and the gland ducts. This connection takes the form of tubular ducts lined with epithelial cells through which the glandular secretions pass to reach the surface.,Endocrine glands are ductless, and their secretions are picked up and transp

18、orted to their site of action by the bloodstream. The products of endocrine gland are called hormones.,第三章 结缔组织(Connective Tissue CT)目的与要求 1、掌握结缔组织的特点和分类；掌握疏松结缔组织的结构与功能。 2、了解致密结缔组织、脂肪组织和网状组织基本结构特点和功能。,一、疏松结缔组织 (Loose Connective Tissue) (一)细胞(Cell):1、成纤维细胞(Fibroblast):LM：扁平、长突 起、胞质弱嗜硷性、核卵圆、着色浅、 核仁明显E

19、M：丰富粗面内质网、 游离核糖体和发达 的高尔基复合体功能：产生纤维和基质纤维细胞：静止状态,2 巨噬细胞 (Macrophage) (组织细胞 histocyte)LM：形态不规则、核小、着色深、胞质丰富、嗜酸性EM：表面皱褶、胞质内大量溶酶体、吞饮小泡、吞噬体、残余体功能：趋化性定向运动、吞噬、分泌多种生物活性物质、调节机体免疫反应。,3、浆细胞(Plasma Cell)LM：圆或卵圆，核圆偏位，染色质呈辐射状、胞质嗜硷性EM：丰富粗面内质网、游离核糖体、发达高尔基复合体功能：合成和分泌抗体,4 肥大细胞 (Mast Cell) LM：圆或卵圆、核小、胞质充满嗜硷性、异染性颗粒功能：引起过

20、敏反应,5 脂肪细胞(Fat Cell),6 未分化的间充质细胞(Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cell),7、白细胞(Leukocyte , White Blood Cell)(二)纤维(Fiber),(三)基质(Ground Substance)胶状1、蛋白多糖(Proteoglycan)构成分子筛 透明质酸（长链大分子）、蛋白多糖亚单位、连接蛋白2、糖蛋白 (Glycoprotin) 3、组织液(Tissue fluid),二、致密结缔组织(Dense Connective Tissue) 1、规则的(Regular Dense Connective Tiss

21、ue),2、不规则的(Irregular Dense Connective Tissue),3、弹性组织(Elastic Tissue),三、脂肪组织(Adipose Tissue) 大量群集脂肪细胞由疏松结缔组织分隔,四、网状组织(Reticular Tissue) 1、网状细胞(reticular cells)：星形有突起，核较大着色浅 功能：产生基质、网状纤维 2、网状纤维(reticular fiber) 3、基质(ground substance),思考题 1、疏松结缔组织的细胞组成 2、成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞、浆细胞、肥大细胞 的形态与功能 3、疏松结缔组织中有哪些纤维 4、何谓分子

22、筛，简述其结构与功能,CHAPTER3 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER OUTINE Connective tissue includes a variety of tissues with different functional properties but with certain common characteristics t-hat allow them to be grouped together. Se-veral types of connective tissues are responsible for providing and maintaining

23、 form in the body, and providing a matrix that connects and binds the cells and organs and gives support to the body.,So it is now probably more appropriate to use the term supporting tissue instead of connective tissue. Connective tissues originate from the mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue formed by

24、 mesenchymal cells and an abundant extracellular substance.,Structurally, connective tissue is formed by two major classes of components: cells and an extracellular matrix that includes extracellular fibers, ground substance, and tissue fluid. According to the com-position and organization of cellul

25、ar and extracellular components and to the special functions, connective tissues are classified as connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.,The connective tissue proper can be divided into loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue according to whether the fibers are loosely wo

26、ven or densely packed. In addition, a number of kinds of connective tissue proper with special properties are named so as to indicate the predominating components or identifying feature: adipose tissue, reticular tissue and mucous tissue, etc.,Loose connective tissue, also called areolar tissue, is

27、characterized by a relatively large number of different cell types, loosely arranged thin fibers and abundance of ground substance. The primary location of loose connective tissue is beneath those epithelia that cover the body surface and line the internal surface of the body. It is also present in

28、association with the epithelium of glands and surrounds the smallest vessels.,The dense connective tissue can be subdivided into regular and irregular types according to whether the fibers have an ordered or disordered arrangement. Skin contains a relatively thick layer of dense irregular connective

29、 tissue in the dermis. Examples of dense regular connective tissue include ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses.,Adipose tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue consisting of adipocytes associated with a rich blood supply. There are two types of adipose tissue: yellow or white ( or unilocul

30、ar ) and brown (or multilocular ) . Reticular tissue consists of reticular cells and reticular fibers . The types of cells found in loose connective tissue can be categorized either as fixed cells or as wandering cells.,The cells that comprise the fixed cell population are relatively stable ; they n

31、ormally exhibit little movement and can be regarded as permanent residents of the tissue . They include fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipose cells, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The cells that comprise the wandering or transient population are mostly those that have migrated into

32、the tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli.,They include plasma cells and leukocytes. The types of cells as well as their relative numbers in loose connective tissue reflect the functional activity of the tissue. For example, the fibroblast is responsible for producing the fibers and

33、ground substance. Other cell types, such as macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells and leukocytes are associated with the defense system of the body.,Connective tissue fibers are present in varying amounts, depending on the structural needs or function of the tissue. Fibers are produced by fibroblast

34、s and co-mposed of proteins formed by long peptide chains. Depending on their character and composition they are referred to as colla-genous fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. All three types of fibers exist in loose connective tissue.,Ground substance is a highly hydrophilic complex of an

35、ionic macromole-cules that occupies the space between the cells and fibers. Ground substance con-sists largely of proteoglycans and structure glycopro-teins. The physical proper-ties of ground substance and its ability to permit diffu-sion of oxygen and nutrients between the microvasculature and ad-

36、jacent tissues is due to the proteoglycans.,Connective tissues usually contain blood vessels and can mediate the exchange of nutrients, metabolites and waste pro-ducts between tissues and the circulato-ry system through tissue fluid. The func-tions of connective tissue also include connecting, suppo

37、rting, protecting, de-fending, repairing and storing of water, etc.,第四章 软骨(cartilage)和骨(bone)目的与要求1、掌握软骨细胞的形态与功能；三种软骨的纤维组成；密质骨骨板排列方式。2、了解骨细胞的形态与功能；类骨质和骨基质的概念一、软骨的结构(Structure of Cartilage)1、软骨组织(Cartilage tissue)（1）软骨细胞(Chondrocyte) LM：小、扁圆、单个圆、大、成群（同源细胞群）软骨陷窝、软骨囊（2）基质(Cartilage matrix)（3）纤维(Fibre)2

38、、软骨膜(Perichondrium) 内层含骨祖细胞,(二)软骨分类(Classification of Cartilage)（1）透明软骨(Hyaline cartilage): 纤维为胶原原纤维、折光率与基质相近、光镜下不易区分,2、弹性软骨(Elastic cartilage): 大量弹性纤维,3、纤维软骨(Fibrous cartilage): 大量胶原纤维束,(三)软骨的生长方式(Growth of cartilage) 1、间质生长（软骨内生长） 2、外加生长（软骨膜下生长） 二、骨(Bone) （一）骨组织(Osseous tissue) 1、骨基质(bone matrix)

39、钙化的细胞间质 2、类骨质(osteoid) 有机成分 骨板的结构：同层纤维平行、相邻层纤维垂直。,2、骨组织的细胞(Cells in osseous tissue)(1)骨细胞(Osteocyte) 骨陷窝、骨小管,(2) 骨祖细胞(Osteoprogenitor cell) 干细胞(3) 成骨细胞(Osteoblast) 分泌类骨质,（4）破骨细胞(Osteoclast) 溶解吸收骨质,（二）长骨(Long Bone)的结构 1、骨松质(Spongy bone) 针状、片状骨小梁相互连接形成的多孔隙 网架2、骨密质 (Compact bone) 骨板排列方式（1）环骨板：（外环骨板、内环骨

40、板）穿通管 （2）骨单位（哈佛系统）中央管、同心圆骨板 （3）间骨板3、骨膜 (Periosteum) 骨外膜：穿通纤维、穿通管 骨内膜：骨小梁表面、骨髓腔、中央管、穿通管内表面, 思考题 1、骨细胞的形态及功能 2、透明软骨在光镜下纤维不能区分的原因 3、骨细胞包括哪几种细胞 4、密质骨骨板排列方式有几种 5、骨内膜分布在何处,CHAPTER4 CARTILAGE AND BONE OUTLINE Cartilage is a type of connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes and highly speciali

41、zed extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain matrix.,The main functions of cartilage are to support soft tissues and provide a sliding areas for joints, thus facilitating bone movements. The cartilage is essential for the growth of long bones both before and after birth.,Cartilage

42、is devoid of blood vessels. The large amount of glycosaminoglycans in the matrix permits diffusion of substancesbetween blood vessels in the su-rrounding connective tissue and the chondrocytes.,The three types of cartilage are hyaline cartilage, the matrix of which contains a number of collagenous f

43、i-brils, elastic cartilage, the matrix of which contains a large number of elastic fibers, and fibrocartilage, whch contains coarse collagenous fibers.,Bone is a specialized form of connec-tive tissue that consists of cells and extra-cellular calcified material, the bone matrix. The mineral is calci

44、um phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals Ca10 (PO4) 6(OH)2. This produces an extremely hard tissue capable of providing support andprotection, and serves as a storage site for calcium and phosphate to maintain appro-priate levels throughout the body.,There are four types of cells present

45、in bone. The osteocytes are within spaces of the bone matrix called lacunae. The osteocyte extends numerous processes into little tunnels called canaliculi. The processes of adjacent osteocytes communicate by gap junctions.,A continuous network of cannaliculi and lacunae containing the cells and the

46、ir pro-cesses is formed throughout the entire mass of mineralized tissue. In addition to osteo-cytes, there are three other bone cells. Osteoprogenitor cells can give rise to the osteoblasts. Osteoblasts secrete the extra-cellular matrix of bone. Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells involved i

47、n the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue.,Compact bone and spongy bone may be found in adult bone. Compact bone in a long bone is largely composed of osteons. Perforating canals (Volkmans canals ) are channels in lamellar bone through which blood vessels travel from periosteal and endosteal su

48、rfaces to reach the osteonal canals. Besides osteons compact bones also contain outer and inner circumferential lamellae and interstitial lamellae.,Bone formation is traditionally classified as intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembran-ous ossification is so called bec

49、ause it takes place within membranes of mesenchymal tissue. Most of the flat bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. It also contributes to the growth of short bones and the thickening of long bones.,The diameter of unmyelinatd fibers are usually small. In the PNS, all unmyelinat-ed fibers

50、 are enveloped within simple clefts of the Schwann cells which don not form myelin sheath. In the mesenchymal condensation layer, the starting point for ossification is called primary ossification center. The process begins when groups of mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, proteoglyca

51、ns of the matrix (osteoid ).,which then secretes the collagen and Then calcification follows, resulting in the encapsulation of some osteoblasts which then become osteocyets. Endochondral ossification takes place within a cartilage model Basically, endochondral ossification consists of two phases. T

52、he first phase is hypertrophy and destruction of the chondrocytes of the model of the bone. In the second phase,.,an osteogenic bud consisting of osteogenic precursors and blood capillaries penetrates into the spaces left by the degenerating The undifferentiated cells give rise to osteoblasts, which

53、 form an osseous matrix on the remnants of the calcified cartilage matrix. In both processes, the bone tissue that appears first is primary or immature.,Primary bone is soon replaced by the definitive bone, referred to as secondary bone. During bone growth areas of resorption and areas of lamellar b

54、one appear side by side. This combination of bone synthesis and removal occurs not only in growthing bone but also throughout adult life, though its rate of change is considerably slow.,第五章 血液 (blood)目的与要求1、掌握血细胞中红细胞形态与功能；白细胞分类、光镜结构特点及功能；网织红细胞的染色、电镜特点及功能2、了解血液的组成与功能；造血干细胞的概念血液组成：血浆 血细胞,一、红细胞(Erythro

55、cyte, Red Blood Cell)形态：双凹圆盘状、无核、无细胞器，充满血红蛋白，Wrights染色 砖红色，中央浅、周围深功能：携带O2和部分CO2，细胞膜特点,网织红细胞(reticulocyte)：煌焦油蓝染色呈蓝色细网或颗粒EM：残留核糖体功能：继续合成血红蛋白功能,（二）白细胞(Leukocyte, White Blood Cell)1、正常值2、分类 胞质有无特殊颗粒分为：有粒白细胞和无粒白细胞 有粒白细胞分为：中性粒细胞50-70%、嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3%、嗜碱性粒细胞0-1% 无粒白细胞分为：单核细胞3-8% 、淋巴细胞 20-30% 。,（1）中性粒细胞(Neut

56、rophilic granulocyte, Neutrophil) 形态特点：球形 胞质内细小、均匀的淡紫色和淡红色颗粒 核 杆状或分叶（2-5叶）,(2)嗜碱性粒细胞(Basophilic granulocyte, Basophil) 形态特点：球形 胞质内大小不等、分布不匀紫蓝色颗粒 核分叶或不规则，有颗粒覆盖 功能：类似肥大细胞（致过敏）,（3）嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophilic granulocyte, Eosinophil) 形态特点：球形 胞质内粗大，均匀嗜酸性颗粒 核2-3叶 功能：抗过敏、抗寄生虫,（4）单核细胞(Monocyte) 血液中最大的细胞 形态：圆或椭圆形、胞质

57、丰富、灰蓝色，较多细小嗜 天青颗粒，核马蹄形或肾形，染色淡 功能：一定吞噬功能,（5）淋巴细胞(Lymphocyte) 形态：圆或卵圆、胞质少、蔚蓝色、胞核大、着 色深 功能：参与免疫反应,三 血小板 (血栓细胞) (Blood Platelet)骨髓巨核细胞脱落下的胞质小块形态：双凸扁盘状、血涂片中聚集成群、多角形功能：止血凝血中起重要作用造血干细胞（多能干细胞）：生成各种血细胞的原始细胞基本特征 1、很强增残潜能 2、多向分化能力 3、自我复制能力 造血干细胞 造血祖细胞 一个或几个血细胞系定向 增殖分化,一定微环境 某些因素调节,思考题 1、试述红细胞的形态与功能 2、网织红细胞形态特点

58、及功能 3、各种白细胞的分类依据及功能,CHAPTER 5 BLOOD AND HEMATOPOIESIS OUTLINE Blood is considered as a specialized connective tissue, consisting of formed elements, or blood cell, and a fluid intercellular substance, the blood plasma, in which the formed elements are suspended. The formed elements include erythrocy

59、tes or red blood cells, leukocytes or white blood cells and platelets or thrombocytes.,According to the specific granules existed in cytoplasma, leukocytes may be classified into two classes, granulocytes and agranulocytes. Based on the different specific granules in their cytoplasma, granulocytes may be further classified into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes which do not p