module 6 Grammar.ppt

1、外研版 高二年级(选修7) Module 6,Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气,Grammar 1,1. 英语动词有三种语气: 陈述语气, 祈 使语气和虚拟语气。 2. 定义: 用来表示说的话不是事实, 或 者是不可能发生的情况, 而是一种愿 望, 建议, 假设的语气叫虚拟语气。,一: 虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法。,条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。 真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的, 是与事实相符的。 非真实条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的, 与事实相反的情况。,例如： 1. If it is fine tomorrow, I will go t

2、o visit my grandma. （可能发生） 2. If I were a bird, I would fly to America. （不可能发生）,1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 2.表示与过去事实相反的情况 If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 （事实：

3、去晚了）,虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法。,3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小） If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）,If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来

4、这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小）,would/could/should/might +v.(原),would/could/should/might+ have+ p.p.,would/could/should/might +v.（原）,1.过去时 2.should+v. 3. were to do,过去完成时,过去时(were),假设条件虚拟倒装。 条件从句中有should, were, had三个助动词可以把if省略, 并将这三个词提至句首。 If I were you, I would give it up. _, I would give it up. If

5、it were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. _, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.,Were I you,Were it not for your advice,If I had had time, I would have run round that lake again. _, I would have run round that lake again. If there should be a flood, what should w

6、e do? _, what should we do?,Had I had time,Should there be a flood,可以用介词短语代替条件从句: 1. Without your help, we shouldnt have succeeded. (= If it hadnt been for your help,.) 2. But for the storm, we would have arrived earlier. (= If it hadnt been for the storm,.),3. I am busy now; otherwise I would go wi

7、th you. =If I were not busy now, I,4. I was busy; otherwise I would have given you more help. =If I hadnt been busy, I,二: 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用,wish 的宾语从句,现在: 过去: 将来:,过去时(were),过去完成时,would/could/might+v.,I wish I _ (be) a bird. (现在) I wish I _ (make) such a mistake. (过去) We wish our parents _ (punish) us. (

8、将来),were,hadnt made,wouldnt punish,2. 表示要求, 命令, 建议的虚拟语气。,常见动词: 一个坚持, 两个命令, 三个建议，四个要求。 1. insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose(recommend) 4. demand , require, request, desire, ask, urge should + 动词原形，或者将should省略。,我们建议Tom 去休息一下。 他坚决要求我到场。,We suggested that Tom (should) have a rest. He

9、insisted that I (should )be present.,国王命令囚犯明天要实施死刑。 他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。,The king ordered that the prisoners (should) be killed the next day. They requested that we (should) send them to work there.,注(1) insist表示“坚决认为某种事实”, suggest表示“暗示,使联想”时,用陈述语气: insist作及物动词的用法insist的此种用法只能接从句作宾语。,1) insist作坚决要求、一定要,其

10、宾语从句常用与将来事实相反的虚拟语气, 即should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。 如:Herfatherinsists thatshe (should) learn music after she leaves school.,2)insist作坚持说、坚持认为时, 用陈述语气。如:Aliceinsistedthatshehaddonenothingwrong. He insisted that he was right. His look suggests that he is angry., 由上述动词构成的名词,如带有表语从句或同位语从句,其谓语也用 (should)+动词原

11、形: My suggestion is that we (should) go there as soon as possible. The officer gave orders that all the soldiers (should) get there before sunset.,三：虚拟语气的特殊句式,Its time 从句: It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形, 但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that

12、the children should go to bed.,考题点击： Its half past eleven. Its high time _ home. A. well B. wedC. were going D. we went,D,Would rather that,现在: 过去: 未来:,I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone, too. Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.,过去时,过去时,过去完成时,as if /though + Clause,

13、现在: 过去:,过去时,过去完成时,She loves the baby as if it were her own son. It seems as if it were spring. I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday. They talked as if they had been friends for years. He looks as if he were drunk.,Even if/even though Even if she were here, she could not solve t

14、he problem.,Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important+ that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即 (should)+动词原形,It is important that we (should) master a foreign language. It is strange that she should refuse to come to the party. Its necessary that we should study hard.,1. It is suggested(ordered, requested, propos

15、ed, desired.) that的结构中, 谓语 动词用should+动词原形“ (should可省略): It was suggested that the work should be done at once.,without和but for 构成虚拟。but for要不是 1. Without sunlight, peoples life would be different from today. 2. But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work. 3. Without your help, I would have f

16、ailed. But for water, it would be impossible to live in the desert.,比较if only与only if only if 表示“只有”；if only 则表示“如果就好了”。 If only 也可用于陈述语气。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了, 我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了, 就好了。 If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。,某些简单句的固定句型： Heaven help hi

17、m! God bless you! May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,四：情态动词中的虚拟,must have done表示对过去已经发生的行为的推测，意为“想必、准是、一定做了某事”。如：It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy. cannot have done 表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定。如：He cannot have forgotten it.,could have done用于肯定句中，表“本 来可以” e.g.:

18、 You could have done better, but you were too careless. might have done“本来可能”, 但实 际上没有发生。另外, 还可表示“本来 可以或可以做某事”之意, 含有责备语 气。如：,You might have been eaten by fish. You might have given him more help, though you were busy. Should/ought to have done用于肯定句时表示“本该做某事，而实际上未做”，用于否定句时则表示“不该做的反而做了” e.g. You shoul

19、d have come to the meeting earlier. You shouldnt have told her the truth.,neednt have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。 如：You neednt have taken a taxi here, for it was very to my house.,Rewrite the sentences with the verbs in the box.,demand insist propose request suggest,1. “The government must do something!” said

20、 the professor.,The professor demanded that the government do something about it.,UNESCO insisted that the site be repaired as it was very serious.,2. “The site must be repaired-this is very serious!” said UNESCO.,The Academy proposed that the general public get involved.,3. “We think it is a good i

21、dea that the general public get involved,” said the Academy,The professor requested some money.,4. “Could you give us some money?” asked the professor.,Someone from the Academy suggested that a fund be started to raise money.,5. “Why dont we start a fund to raise money?” said someone from the Academ

22、y.,1. The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free. did; set B. had done; should be set C. do; be set D. had done; must be set,B,Exercises,2. Mother suggested that I _ my homework first before watching TV. A. did B. do C. shall do D. have done,B,3. My suggestion was that the meeting _ o

23、ff still next week. A. to put B. be putting C. Should put D. be put,D,4. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove;wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got,D,5. The suggestion has been made _ the basketball game_ put off. A.

24、 for ; to B. that ; be C. which ; should be D. to ; being,B,6. _ your letter, I would have written back two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I received C. Had I received D. If I could have received,C,7. Had you listened to the doctor, you _ all right now. A. are B. were C. would be D. would have

25、 been,C,8. I _ you some money, but I hadnt any on me then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent,B,9. If only I _ my watch! A. hadnt lost B. havent lost C. didnt lose D. dont lose,A,1. They _ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. (2011 全国I) A. will B. can

26、C. must D. should 2. Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. (2011北京) A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying,D,高考链接,C,3. I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me. (2011 天津) A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would

27、 have come,D,状语从句,在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。按其意义可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、比较、目的、结果、方式等类别。不同的状语从句是由不同的连接词引导的，因此，要掌握状语从句的用法，记住连接词尤为重要。本模块我们主要复习地点、条件、让步和时间状语从句。,Grammar 2,(1) 地点状语从句。常由连词where (在 地方), wherever (无论在哪里) 和anywhere (无论哪里，任何地方), everywhere (到处, 任何地方)等引导。如: _there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 Put it _

28、we can all see it. 把它放在我们都看得见的地方。,Where,where,(2) 条件状语从句。通常由连词if, unless (除非)，in case (万一，如果)，as so long as (只要)，supposing supposed (假设)，provided providing (that) (假如)，on condition that (如果)，given that(假设)等以及only if 和if only等引导。如：,I wont go to the party unless Im invited. 除非我被邀请, 否则我不会去参加晚会的。 In cas

29、e you need something, please dont hesitate to let me know. 如果你需要什么东西, 请不客气地对我说。 So long as I live, I must study. 只要还活着，我就要学习。,(3) 让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句的连词较多, 常见的有 由even if even though引导, 意为“即使”。如: He will come on time even though it rains. 即使下雨,他还是会准时来的。 Even though you do not like it, you must do it. 即使你

30、不喜欢这工作，你也得做。, how what who which+ ever = no matter how what who which引导，意为“无论”。如： He can answer the question however hard it is. 不管问题有多难他都能回答。 No matter what Whatever you may do, do it well. 不论你做什么, 好好地做。 Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied. 不论哪一边胜, 我都高兴。, 由though although while as引导，意为“虽然，尽管”

31、。如： Though they may not succeed, they will still try. 即使他们可能不会成功，但他们仍努力尝试。,Although my uncle is old, he looks very strong and healthy. 我的叔叔虽然老了, 但他看上去还是很健壮。 While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape. 我虽然喜欢这顶帽子的颜色, 但却不喜欢它的样式。, whether or 引导的让步状语从句，意为“不管；无论”，如： I shall go, whether you

32、 come with me or stay at home. 不论你来还是留在家中, 我都要去。 Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否, 他都将失败。,【特别提醒】学习或复习状语从句应注意以下问题：, as though引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。如： Young as he is, he works hard. 他虽年轻但努力工作。,Teacher as he is, he is nor capable of teaching all subjects. 虽然他是老师, 但是不能教所有的科目。 Much as I like

33、 it, I dont want to buy it. 我很喜欢这东西，但并不想买它。,用于让步状语从句 (将表语,动词或副词状语提前),形容词 名词(前无冠词) 系动词 分词 + 表让步:as(或though) +主语+ 情态动词 动词 助动词 副词 谓语动词,Strange though it may seem, the tallest boy is the youngest. =Although it may seem strange, the tallest boy is the youngest., 在if, unless等引导的条件状语从句和某些让步状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。如: If weather permits, we will go to the park tomorrow. 如果天气好的话，明天我们去公园。 Keep calm, whatever happen