Chapter04 Individual Variat.ppt

1、Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.,C H A P T E R 4,Individual Variations,Individual Variations Chapter Outline,Intelligence Individual Intelligence Tests Individual Tests Versus Group Tests Theories of Multiple Intelligence Controversies and Is

2、sues in Intelligence,Individual Variations Chapter Outline, continued,Learning and Thinking Styles Dichotomies of Learning and Thinking Styles Evaluating Learning and Thinking Styles Personality and Temperament Personality Temperament,Individual Variations,Learning Goals for Chapter 4 1.Discuss the

3、concept of intelligence, how it is measured, and some controversies about its use by educators. 2.Describe and evaluate learning and thinking styles. 3.Define personality, identify the “big five” factors in personality, and discuss person-situation interaction. Also, define temperament, identify thr

4、ee types of childrens temperament, and evaluate teaching strategies linked to childrens temperament.,Individual Variations,Intelligence,Controversies and Issues in Intelligence,Individual Tests Versus Group Tests,Theories of Multiple Intelligence,Individual Intelligence Tests,Intelligence,Intelligen

5、ce: Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from lifes everyday experiences,Individual Intelligence TestsThe Binet Tests,Mental Age Intelligence Quotient Normal Distribution,An individuals level of mental development relative to others A symmetrical distribution Majority of the

6、scores falling in the middle Few scores in the extremes,Intelligence The Normal Curve,Individual Intelligence TestsThe Wechsler Scales,Age-related versions provide an overall IQ and also yield both verbal and performance IQs. (WPPSI-P) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Ag

7、es 4 to 6 (WAIS-R) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Ages 6 to 16 (WAIS-R) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised,Wechsler Subscales,Group Intelligence Tests,Advantage More convenient and economical Disadvantages Examiner cannot: establish rapport determine students level of anxie

8、ty Student: might not understand instructions might be distracted by other students,Theories of Multiple IntelligenceEarly Views,Spearman (1927): People have both general intelligence (g) and specific types of intelligence (s). Thurston (1938): People have seven specific intellectual abilities (verb

9、al comprehension, associative memory, word fluency, reasoning, number ability, spatial visualization, and perceptual speed).,Theories of Multiple IntelligenceSternbergs Theory,Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Analytical: analyze, judge, evaluate, compare/contrast Creative: create, design,

10、 invent, originate, and imagine Practical: use, apply, implement, put into practice,Theories of Multiple IntelligenceGardners Theory,Gardners Eight Frames of Mind Skills are represented in the following areas: Verbal Musical Mathematical Intrapersonal Spatial Interpersonal Bodily-kinesthetic Natural

11、ist,The various theories have stimulated us to think more broadly about what makes up peoples intelligence and competence.,Theories of Multiple Intelligence Evaluating the Multiple-IntelligenceApproaches,IntelligenceControversies and Issues,Nature and Nurture Genetic components provide a propensity

12、for a particular developmental trajectory. Enriching environments can improve school achievement and the acquisition of skills.,Intelligence Controversies and Issues,Ethnicity and Culture Ethnic comparisons The consensus is that due to environmental factors, on average in the U.S., children from Afr

13、ican American and Latino families score lower than white children on IQ tests.,IntelligenceControversies and Issues,Culturally biased tests favor: Urban over rural children Middle-income over low-income children White children over minority children Culture-fair tests, free of cultural bias: Type 1:

14、 Include items familiar to all SES and ethnic backgrounds Type 2: All of the verbal items are removed,IntelligenceControversies and Issues,Ability Grouping and Tracking Between-Class Ability Grouping groups students based on their ability or achievement. Advantages - Narrows class skill range - Prev

15、ents “less able” students from holding back more talented students Disadvantages - Stigmatizes students in lower track - Segregates students by SES and ethnicity,IntelligenceControversies and Issues,Ability Grouping and Tracking Within-Class Ability Grouping involves placing students in two or three

16、 groups within a class.,Learning and Thinking Styles,Learning and Thinking Styles,Dichotomies of Learning and Thinking Styles,Evaluating Learning and Thinking Styles,Learning and Thinking StylesDichotomies,Reflective Students surpass Impulsive Students at Reading comprehension Remembering structured

17、 information Problem solving and decision making Goal setting Setting high standards for performance,Learning and Thinking Styles Dichotomies,Actively construct knowledge Give meaning to material Focus on internal rewards Are self-motivated,Are passive learners Fail to tie information to a larger fr

18、amework Focus on external rewards,Deep Learners,Surface Learners,Personality and Temperament,Personality and Temperament,Personality,Temperament,Personality and Temperament,Personality: The distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world,Temperament: A persons behavioral style and characteristic way of