第二章 国际法的基本原则.ppt

1、第2章 国际法的基本原则,Chapter 2 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,The teaching purpose and requisitions:(教学目的和要求) 1、 to help the students understand the conception of the basic principles of international law;（帮助学生理解国际法基本原则的概念） 2、 to help the students understand the relation between jus congens and t

2、he basic principles of international law;（帮助学生理解强行法与国际法基本原则的关系） 3 、to help the students understand the origin and the important role of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence；（帮助学生理解和平共处五项原则的产生和重要作用）,Key Issues: 教学要点： 1 the jus congens;(强行法) 2 the relation between jus congens and the fundament

3、al principles of international law.（强行法与国际法基本原则的关系） 3 the contents of the fundamental principles of international law. （国际法基本原则的内容）,The introductory questions:（先行问题） 1 What are the general principles of law? 2 What is the scope of the fundamental principles of international law?,Section1. Definition

4、 of the basic principles of international law,第1节 国际法基本原则的定义,1.1The definition The basic principles of international law may be defined as the legal principles which are commonly recognized by all the states and can be applied to all the fields of international law and thus constitute the base of in

5、ternational law. 国际法基本原则是指，国际社会公认、具有普遍意义、适用于国际法各个领域并构成国际法基础的法律原则。,1.2 Characters of the basic principles of international law (1) recognized by all the states; 国际社会公认 This shows that the basic principles of international law have already got the universal binding force.,(2) with universal significan

6、ce, and can be applied to all the fields of international law. 具有普遍意义,适用于国际法各个领域 This feature just makes the basic principles of international law different from the principles which only can be applied in the special field of international law. For example, the principle of speciality （罪名专用原则）is a

7、principle of international law, but it only can be applied in the domain of extradition, so it is not the basic principles of international law.,However, the principles such as the principle of sovereign equality, and the principles of non-intervention of domestic matters can be applied in almost al

8、l the fields of international law. For example, the principle of sovereign equality can be applied not only to the states diplomatic relation, but also to the domain of their treaty relation. According to the principle of sovereign equality, every State can only have a voting right; regardless this

9、State is a big power or small country. And just because of the countries equal sovereignty, so the round table conference is adopted at the international occasions.,(3) constitute the base of international law. 构成国际法整个体系的法律基础 This feature indicts that the basic principles of international law is the

10、 foundation of international law, and without such a foundation, the whole construction of international legal order will collapse.,1.3The Basic Principles of International law and Jus Congens The concept of Jus Congens: Jus Congens, as a concept of domestic law, came from ancient Rome, but it is a

11、newly emerged concept in the international law sphere. A general provision as to Jus congens is contained in Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, it reads:-,“A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. F

12、or the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international

13、 law having the same character”.,1969年条约法公约第53条规定“条约在缔结时与一般国际法强制规律抵触者无效，就适用本公约而言，一般国际法强制规律指国家之国际社会全体接受并公认为不许损抑且仅有以后具有同等性质之一般国际法规律始得更改之规律。”,But how does the Jus Congens emerge? namely where does it come from? Article 64 of the Vienna convention on the Law of Treaties provides that “if a peremptory no

14、rm of general international law emerges, any existing treaty which is conflict with that norm becomes void and terminates”. From the term “emerges “, we can infer that the norm of jus congens could be one of customary international law. They have experienced a long time repeated practice and then re

15、cognized or accepted by most of the states in the international community.,第64条规定“遇有新的一般国际法新强制规则产生时，任何现有条约与该项规律抵触者即成为无效而终止”。,The example of Jus Congens: However, there are still some questions as to what, at present time, are the norms of jus congens. J.G. Starke holds that two such general acceptab

16、le norms seem to be the prohibition against the threat or use of force in the terms laid down in Article 2 paragraph 4 of the United Nations Charter, and the principle of pacta servanda, （条约必须信守）as defined in the in Article 26 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. But there are still other wr

17、iters who holding that the rule of jus congens includes:,“the fundamental rules concerning the safeguarding of peace; fundamental rules of a humanitarian nature (prohibition of genocide, slavery and discrimination, protection of essential rights of the human person in time of peace and war), the rul

18、es prohibiting any infringement of the independence and sovereign equality of States, the rules which ensure to all the members of the international community the enjoyment of certain common resources.”,国际法基本原则与强行法规则有相同之处，但不能等同。两者的相同之处在于国际法基本原则属于强行法的范畴，而不属于以某些少数国际法主体意志为转移的任意法范畴。两者不同之处在于，强行法规则并不必然包含全

19、局性、普遍性原则的特点。国际法其他规则也可以属于强行法范畴。,Section 2 Historical Development of the Fundamental rules of International Law,第2节 国际法基本原则的发展,Since the birth of the international law in the recent history, some basic rules of international law have been put forward, such as the principle of sovereign equality of the

20、 states, and the principle of non-interference.十七、十八世纪资产阶级革命时期提出了一系列具有民主性的指导国际关系的原则。如美国独立战争、法国大革命提出了不干涉别国内政事务、国家主权原则、国家平等原则。 In 1928, the Convention of Paris 巴黎非战公约 laid down the rule of prohibition of the using and threat of using the force.,After World War Two, the basic rules of international law

21、 boosted greatly. In the United Nations Charter, we can see some important international law rules laid down in the preface of it. Especially the Articles 2 of it lists the principles of the United Nations, which are regarded as the basic rules of international law: (1) The organization is based on

22、the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.会员国主权平等,(2) All members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter. 真诚地履行宪章义务,(3)All the members sh

23、all settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. 和平解决国际争端,(4)All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political ind

24、ependence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. 禁止以武力相威胁或使用武力,(5)All members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state agains

25、t which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. 集体协助,(6)The organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. 确保非会员国遵守上述原

26、则,(7) Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prej

27、udice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII. 不干涉别国内政,1962年联合国大会1815（17）号决议 该决议审议关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系及合作之国际法原则。 1970年国际法原则宣言该宣言不仅明确宣布1962年决议中所列出的七项原则为国际法基本原则，而且明确规定各国依每一项国际法基本原则应承担的国际法义务。,Section3 Five principles of Peaceful Co-existence,第3节 和平共处五项原则,3.1The content of five principles

28、of peaceful co-existence The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence are mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity; mutual non-aggression; non-interference in each others internal affairs; equality and mutual benefit; and peaceful coexistence.互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则,3.2

29、 The history of five principles of peaceful co-existence The creation of the Five Principles, initiated jointly by China and India half a century ago, was a pioneering effort in history of international relations in the 20th-century. Fifty years ago, late Premier Zhou Enlai paid separate visits to I

30、ndia and Myanmar, and put forth the five principles that would shape Chinas foreign policy.,其意义在于： 首先，五项原则是国际法基本原则中最主要、最核心的原则。无论是联合国宪章还是1970年的国际法原则宣言或其他有关文件，在列举国际法基本原则时，尽管先后次序有别，措辞也不尽相同，但都包括了五项原则的内容； 其次，五项原则正确反映了国与国之间关系的特点相互。国际关系主要是国家之间的相互关系，只有相互尊重、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政，才能维持正常的国际关系。五项原则的“四互一共”正是国际关系特点的科学概括。,3

31、.3 Five principles of peaceful co-existence as jus congens and Basic Principles of International Law,一、互相尊重主权和领土完整 mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity,互相尊重主权和领土完整是国际法基本原则中最重要的原则。这项原则包括互相尊重主权和互相尊重领土完整两方面的内容。 （一）互相尊重主权 Mutual Respect for Sovereignty 国家主权是国家的最重要的属性。国家主权具有两方面的含义：第一，

32、在国内的最高统治权；第二，在国际上的独立权。任何国家都有权按照自己的意愿，根据本国情况，选择自己的社会制度、国家形式，组织自己的政府，独立自主地处理本国的内部和外部事务。这种权力不可分割、让与，不受其他国家干预，也不从属于任何外来的意志。,互相尊重主权，就是国与国在相互交往中，相互尊重对方统治国家的权力。这种相互尊重不应由于社会制度和意识形态的不同而受到影响，更不能以社会制度、意识形态不同而干涉别国内政，把自己国家的社会制度、意识形态强加于他国。,（二）互相尊重领土完整 Mutual Respect for Territorial Integrity 领土是构成国家的首要基本条件，是国家和居住

33、在其上的人赖以生存的物质基础，还是国家行使管辖权的对象和范围。领土完整是政治概念而不是地理概念。属于国家的领土一寸也不能丢失，不能被侵占、蚕食和肢解。破坏了一国国家领土的完整性，就是侵犯了该国的领土和主权。,互相尊重主权和领土完整是两个既有联系又有区别的概念。国家在自己的国土上行使排他的管辖权，而领土完整是国家行使管辖权的基础，是国家主权重要而不可分割的部分。没有领土，主权就失去了对象和范围；没有主权，领土完整就失去了保证。但国家主权的概念比领土完整概念广泛的多。如，支持他国反政府组织、颠覆他国合法政府等行为，虽然没有破坏他国的领土完整，也没有使用武力侵犯他国领土，但是侵犯了他国权力的最高性和

34、独立性，是侵犯他国主权的行为。,二、互不侵犯Mutual Non-Aggression,互不侵犯原则是由国家主权原则直接引申出来的，是指各国在其相互关系中，不得以任何借口进行侵略，不得以与国际法不符的任何其他方式使用武力或武力威胁以侵犯另一国的主权、独立和领土完整，不得以战争作为解决国家争端的手段。 互不侵犯作为国际法基本原则之一，是一战后形成的。在此之前，国际法承认国家有战争权，也就是一个国家在它认为适宜的任何时候都可以诉诸战争反对另一国家。直到1928年巴黎非战公约的签订，才正式在国际法上废除了侵略战争。 互不侵犯原则的内容主要是根据联合国宪章及1970年国际法原则宣言P84,此外，联合国

35、大会于1974年通过决议，确定侵略的定义是“一个国家使用武力侵犯另一个国家的主权、领土完整或政治独立，或以本定义所宣示的与联合国宪章不符的任何其他方式使用武力”。该决议还授权联合国安理会以确定侵略行为的权力并列举了七项明显构成侵略的行为： （1）一个国家使用武力侵入或攻击另一个国家的领土，或因这种侵入或攻击而造成的任何军事占领或吞并，不论时间如何短暂，都构成侵略行为。如1990年伊拉克出动350辆坦克，几十架直升机和数万地面部队大举入侵科威特并很快占领科威特全境，就是侵略。（2）一个国家使用武装部队对另一个国家的领土进行轰炸或者使用任何武器。,（3）一个国家使用武装部队封锁另一个国家的港口或海

36、岸。（4）一个国家使用武装部队攻击另一个国家的陆、海、空军或商船和民航机。（5）一个国家违反其与接受国坚定的协定所规定的条件，使用其在接受国领土上的武装部队，或在协定终止后，延长该武装部队的驻扎期限。（6）一个国家允许另一国家使用其领土对第三国进行攻击。（7）一个国家或以其名义派遣武装小分队、武装团体、非正规军或外国雇佣军，对另一个国家进行其严重性相当于上列各项行为的武力行为，或者该国实际上卷入了这些行为。以上各项行为都构成侵略。,但国际法所规定的禁止动用武力不是绝对的。凡是国际法所允许的特殊情况下的使用武力并不在禁止之列。主要包括：第一，在本国遭到侵略时的自卫行动甚至武装自卫；第二，联合国会

37、员国履行宪章义务，参加联合国维持和平行动。,三、互不干涉内政Non-Interference in Each Other Internal Affairs,互不干涉内政原则产生于资产阶级革命时期，是国际法上使用较早并在现代国际法中具有重要意义的原则。1970年国际法原则宣言将该原则界定为“The Principle concerning the duty not to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter.”,（一）互不干涉内政的含义

38、互不干涉内政原则是从国家主权的性质直接引申出来的，同时又是国家主权原则的重要法律保障。互不干涉内政原则包含内政和干涉两个概念。 内政是国家在其领域内行使主权的表现，它包括一个国家所有的事务，如决定国内政治、经济、社会及文化体制，制定各种法律和内外政策等等。当然，内政的范围不是以国界来划定的。一个国家在本国境内的某种行为如果违反国际法的行为，那么该行为就不能被视为“内政”范围。如在本国境内扣留外国外交官作为人质，在国内实行种族隔离等行为。,干涉是指一国或数国为实现自己的意图，使用政治、经济甚至军事等手段，采取直接或间接的、公开或隐蔽的方式干预另一国的内外事务，使被干预国按照干预国的意图行事，以改

39、变被干预国所执行的某种方针、政策或存在的情势。干涉的形式多样。既有武装干涉，也有经济、外交等方式。如1958年美国以保侨为借口出兵黎巴嫩。,（二）互不干涉内政原则的内容P87 根据联合国宪章和1970年原则宣言的规定，互不干涉内政原则主要包括如下内容： 1、任何国家或国家集团均无权以任何理由直接或间接干涉任何其他国家之内政或外交事务。,2、武装干涉及对国家人格或其政治、经济及文化要素之一切其他形式之干预或试图威胁，均系违反国际法。,3、任何国家均不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何他种措施强迫另一国家，以取得该国主权权利形式上之屈从，并自该国获取任何种类利益。,4、任何国家均不得组织、协助、煽动、资助、鼓励或容许目的在于以暴力推翻另一国政权之颠覆、恐怖或武装活动，或干预另一国之内政。,