Argumentation.ppt

1、Argumentation,Nature of argumentative essay,Exposition: inform Argumentation: convince steps of Persuasion To present an opinion to the reader. To explain, clarify, and illustrate that opinion. To persuade the reader that your opinion is valid. to move the reader to action; to convince the reader th

2、at the opinion is correct or to persuade the reader that your opinion is at least worth considering.,How to write an argumentation:,Argumentation Quarrel A debatable point Sufficient evidence The logical appeal The emotional appeal Outline of a proposition argument Fallacies in argumentative writing

3、,A debatable point,the following are not good thesis statements. Mere statements of facts Statements of personal taste Viewpoints that can be readily verified,Sufficient evidence,Examples: concrete, illustrative, representative Facts: readily accepted, be based on personal observation Statistics: av

4、oid presenting a long list of figures Authorities: those who are experienced and knowledgeable in certain fields,The logical appeal,From the least important to the most important From the most familiar to the least familiar From the easiest for the reader to accept or comprehend to the most difficul

5、t,The logical appeal,Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning,Inductive Reasoning,When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.,Deductive Reasoning,The process is just the opposite o

6、f inductive reasoning it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism (逻三段论法, 推论法, 演绎) a three-part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion. All human beings make mistakes. X is a hu

7、man being. Therefore, X makes mistakes.,The emotional appeal,An effective emotional appeal can be made in four common ways: Showing empathy: = Identify with the readers feelings and express real interest in their interest. Note empathy: Identification with and understanding of anothers situation, fe

8、elings, and motives.,The emotional appeal,Showing respect for views other than yours: = The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no argu

9、able position is absolutely right.,The emotional appeal,Maintaining a moderate tone: = The purpose of doing this is to ease any potential attack on your argument. Using vivid examples: = The purpose is to attract the attention of readers to the issue you are discussing.,Fallacies in argumentative wr

10、itings,False analogy Circular argument A loose argument,Example:,Who Killed Benny Paret?,Development of the Argument: Narration and argument,How does the writer develop his argument?,a. narration,b. argument,To narration,To argument,1. My job: first-hand information, hence trustworthy,2. Mr. Jacobs:

11、 inside the truth, hence authoritative,Back to the diagram,1. introduction: death of Benny Paret,investigation into the death 2. body: medical evidence mores of the crowd,3. conclusion:,prevailing mores : the culprit,Back to the diagram,Para 1-2 The writer had an interview with Mike Jacobs, who was

12、( ) Number One in the boxing world. Para 3-5 The only important element in successful boxing promoting is ( ) . People come out to see ( ) . Para 6-8 Benny Paret was killed in ( ) . The direct cause of his death was ( ),the prizefight promoter,to please the crowd,the knockout,the ring,hemorrhage in

13、the brain.,a massive,Para 9 The prime responsibility for Parets death lies with ( ) Para 10 The blame should be put on ( ),the people who pay to see,a man hurt.,the prevailing mores that regard prize- fighting as a perfectly proper enterprise and vehicle of entertainment.,To be successful, your argument /position paper should present: A thorough understanding of the issue; A clear, specific thesis; A focused argument that effectively supports your thesis;,Clear topic sentences which state exactly what body paragraphs intend to accomplish; Credible, relev