argumentation-1.ppt

1、Argumentation,What is Argumentation?,Argumentation and its importance,Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue. In argumentation, writers use objective, logical reasoning, facts, and hard evidence to demonst

2、rate the soundness of a position. Their purpose is to encourage readers to accept their point of view.,Argumentation and its importance,Importance- We can use argumentation to make a point in a class discussion , persuade a fiend to lend you money ,or talk an employer into giving you a day off. Beco

3、ming skilled in clear, logic reasoning, we come a better critic of advertisements, political speeches and the other persuasive appeals we see and hear every day.,Argumentation,What is argumentation? Its definition and its importance How to write an argumentation essay? Two forms, procedure and struc

4、ture How to write a GOOD argumentation essay? Convince your reader/audience Recognize the opposition Power of words,Basic Structure,Introduction,Body,Conclusion,Using Paragraphs to Focus the Argument,1. Opening Paragraghs （point） 2. Supporting Paragraphs (evidences) 3. Concluding Paragraphs,Attentio

5、n,(1) A debatable point (2) Sufficient evidence (3) Good logic (4) Clear logic (5) Good use of the other three types of writing - description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition. (6) An honest and friendly attitude,A debatable point,Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia

6、 to perform certain operations. Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations.,A debatable point,Lady Gaga is my favorite star. Lady Gaga is the most popular star of the 21th century.,A debatable point,Noise pollution is harmful to peoples health. Noise pollution is

7、 the most harmful of all environmental pollution.,Sufficient evidence,common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, facts, not opinions, statistics; quotations from authorities famous saying,Good logic,A. All human beings make mistakes. (premise) B. X is a human being. (premise) C.

8、Therefore, X makes mistakes. (conclusion),Bad Premise Bad Logic,A. all students love to study. (premise) B. X is a student. (premise) C. Therefore, X love to study. (conclusion),Bad Premise Bad Logic,A. all female stars are beautiful. (premise) B. Feng is a female star. (premise) C. Therefore, she i

9、s beautiful. (conclusion),Model (for every argument),Premise 1 Premise 2 Premise 3 Premise n Therefore, Conclusion,Examples,Every right places a corresponding obligation upon someone. If I have a right to life, then you have an obligation not to kill me. If you have a right to free passage, then I h

10、ave an obligation not to hinder your progress. If we both have a right to be treated equally before the law, then society has an obligation to see that this is so.,Premise clue words:,because I know he loves me, because I saw he often smiled at me and stared at me affectionately. Since She must have

11、 ridden with John, since she doesnt have her own car. For If you love a person, you must spend time with that person, for relationships must develop.,Conclusion clue words:,therefore The world is a wonderfully ordered place. Therefore it must have been made by God. thus I saw them together holding h

12、ands. Thus, I decided that they were more than friends. hence She didnt call me back, hence she must not want to go. so He is always rude to me, so I figure he doesnt like me. it follows that Sean wasnt at the party, and if she liked John, she would have been there. It follows that she doesnt like J

13、ohn.,1. Playing violent video games does not cause the player to act violently in real life.,Exercises Construct an argument for:,Example: “My roommate plays violent video games all the time, and hes the most non-violent person I know. So it must be that playing violent video games does not cause th

14、e player to act violently in real life.”,2. Getting a degree in finance is more useful than getting a degree in philosophy.,Example: “There are lots of jobs advertised for people with finance degrees. But there are very few jobs that advertise for people with degrees in philosophy. Therefore getting

15、 a degree in finance is more useful than getting a degree in philosophy.”,Construct an argument for:,4. It is wrong to eat animals.,Example: “Animals want to live and can feel pain just like humans can. So it is wrong to eat animals.”,Construct an argument for:,5. We have a moral obligation to pay o

16、ur taxes.,Example: “We have a moral obligation to pay our taxes, since each of us benefits in many ways from services which are provided through tax funds.”,Construct an argument for:,1. Opening Paragraghs,attract readers attention soothe readers possible hostility toward our subject,2. Supporting P

17、aragraphs,example definition cause and effect comparison and contrast analogy,Supporting by cause and effect,Identify the cause and effect The construction of cause and effect can be divided into four types: 1. simple cause: causeeffect 2. complex cause: cause1+cause2+effect 3. complex effect: cause

18、 effect1+effect2+effect3 4. chain of cause and effect: cause1 effect1(cause2) effect2(cause3),Supporting by comparison and contrast,Alternating type: A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, Block type: A1,2,3,4,B1,2,3,4,Supporting by analogy,3. Concluding Paragraphs,Summarize Bring the full force of our argument to close

19、 the paper Make a last appeal Strongly restate proposition,The Basic Form and Structure of Arguments,Proposition Argument,Organizing our ideas in much the same way as in expository papers: a thesis stating our position, followed by supporting reasons and evidence. Our evidence here would be on how r

20、eaders would benefit.,Problem-solution Argument,Stating a problem and then convincing readers our solution would be the best.,Example 1 Printed Books as a Better Source Among the countless accesses to information, internet and printed books are two popular ways. In my point of view, I regard printed

21、 books as a better source. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, printed books are a convenient way to get information, because of its easy-to-take trait. So wherever you take the books, you can get the information you want. Especially, when there is no internet facility at hand, printe

22、d books are a safe help for information. Secondly, by seeking information from printed books you can get a sense of enjoyment and achievement, though it takes you time and efforts to integrate all the information you get from books. Yes, seeking information through internet is a comparatively simple

23、 task, but there is less stimulation of thinking aroused by the process of getting informing, and thus less comprehension will be made. From the two reasons I mentioned above, natural conclusion can be easily drawn that printed books are better sources of getting information.,Example 2 Voters may ag

24、ree that more money is needed to fund local schools, but they may resist voting for a bond levy. How do you convince them that the opposed benefits justify the expense? Several of our school buildings are over fifty years old. They are drafty and expensive to heat; those big windows have single panes. The fame rattle. The electrical wiring is inadequate; there is no way to plug in computers. Plaster has fallen from some ceilings. Buildin