大学英语语法(全).ppt

1、College English Grammar,大学英语语法,英语语法包括词法和句法 词法:名词（noun）、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、冠词(article)、数词(numeral)、介词(preposition)、代词(pronoun)、连词(conjunction)、副词(adverb)等词类的用法 句法：一般规则的用法和特殊规则的用法,英语语法的构成,英语语法构成示意图,强化重点、突出难点：情态动词、虚拟语气、从句、强调、倒装、否定、省略、主谓一致、比较等是大学英语语法的重难点 从词法、句法层面上升到语篇层面：大学英语语法教学则更偏重句法的教学。句法教学体现在理解语

2、篇当中的长难句,而理解长难句最多运用到的语法知识就是从句、平行比较结构和非谓语动词短语三大语法规则,大学英语语法的重难点,目录,（一）语气（虚拟语气） （二）情态动词 （三）形容词、副词及比较级、最高级 （四）代词及其指代一致 （五）主谓一致 （六）倒装结构 （七）省略问题 （八）否定句及其惯常用法 （九）独立主格结构 （十）名词性从句,第一讲,语气,mood,Please sit down! I am a teacher./I am not a teacher./Are you a teacher? If I were you, I would do better.,Mood,英语中有三种语

3、气： 祈使语气（Imperative mood） 直陈语气（Indicative mood） 虚拟语气（Subjunctive mood）,Subjunctive mood,If he had driven (drive) more carefully, he would not have had (have) the car accident yesterday.,虚拟语气是一种表示假设、意愿、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能或主观打算的一种语气。,近两年虚拟语气在英语四六级中的考查情况：体现在翻译题型中,【CET-4:2006.6】 The professor required that we

4、 hand in our research report (s) . (我们交研究报告)。 【CET-6:2007.6】 It is absolutely unfair that these children (should) be deprived of the right to receive education . (被剥夺了受教育的权利).,Its time something was done/some measures were taken (采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.,【CET-4:2006.12】 The victim w

5、ould have survived (本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time. 【CET-6:2007.12】 But for mobile phone, our communication would not have been so efficient and convenient. (我们的通讯就不可能如此迅速和方便),【CET-6:2007 】 If you had followed my advice/ suggestion, you would not have been in trouble. (听从了我的忠告， 你

6、就不会陷入麻烦).,虚拟语气的考点归纳如下： (should)+动词原形的情形 wish, if only, it is time的用法 if或but for等引导的条件句,Summary,1.1 虚拟语气的类别,从虚拟语气的形式和内容两方面着眼，可将其分为三大类： be型虚拟语气 Were型虚拟语气 条件虚拟语气,1.2 be型虚拟语气,Be型虚拟语气指在任何情况下，不分时态、人称，句子谓语动词统统使用原形动词的虚拟形式，be型虚拟语气主要有两种用途,1）用于含有命令、建议、要求等意义的结构中 含有上述意义的动词后的宾语从句 含有上述意义的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句 含有上述意义的某些It

7、 is +过去分词+that 或it is +形容词+that 的结构中 在英国英语中，这一类的虚拟语气也可以用should+原形动词的形式,The teacher insisted that we be in his office at 5 oclock. 老师坚持让我们五点钟到他的办公室去。 The general ordered that his troops retreat from the frontline. 将军命令部队从前线撤退。,All I request of you is that you be punctual. 我只要你准时到。 It is essential tha

8、t the new technique be introduced. 引进新工艺很重要。 It is imperative that you present yourself at the meeting. 你务必亲自出席会议。,Instructions are issued that the war prisoners be released. 释放所有战犯的命令已经下达。 It is the committees decision that the meeting be put off until next Friday. 委员会决定会议延至下星期五举行。,常与be型虚拟语气连用的 动词主

9、要有：advise,agree,decide,demand,insist,move,order,prefer, propose, request,require,suggest等 名词主要有：decision,advice.demand,instruction,order,insistence, proposal, requirement,resolution,suggestion等 形容词主要有：advisable,desirable,appropriate,essential,fitting, important,imperative,impossible,necessary,obliga

10、tory,proper,vital,urgent等,用于表示祝愿、诅咒、假定、让步、担忧等含义的结构和一些固定用法中。 这些虚拟语气多由某些特定的连接词引导，它们多为古英语虚拟语气的残余，现仅限于正式场合使用，一般可为直陈语气所取代。,如： If that be the case, we have to give up our original plan. 倘若情况果真如此，我们将不得不放弃原定计划。 Whatever be your reason, you have no right to be rude to your elders. 无论你有什么理由，你都无权对长辈们粗鲁无礼。,They

11、 evacuated the building lest the wall collapse. 他们撤出了大楼，以防墙壁倒塌。 Though he slay me, will I trust in him? 即使他要杀我，我也要信赖他吗？ Long live our motherland！ 祖国万岁！,God save his soul. 上帝保佑他的灵魂得到安息。 Far be it from me to accept his advice blindly.我决不会盲目接受他的意见。 Home is home, be it ever so homely. 家纵简陋，总归是家。 We can

12、always lend you a helping hand if need be. 倘有必要，我们随时可以援一引手。,1.3 were型虚拟语气,Were 型虚拟语气主要指be动词在某些表示与事实相反的语境里使用固定的were形式 其他动词在类似的语境里使用过去时或过去完成体形式的虚拟语气。,Were型虚拟语气主要用于表示与事实相反的愿望、假设、印象、看法等意义的结构中 Wish一类动词后的宾语从句 If only, as if, would rather/sooner, it is time 等短语后边的句子，如与现在情况相反，虚拟语气用动词的过去时（be动词用were）, 与过去情况相反

13、，则用过去完成体形式,We earnestly wish he were here with us sharing our happiness. 我真希望他此刻正与我们在一起分享我们的快乐。 I do wish the frightful calamity had not befallen us. 我真希望那场可怕的灾难没有降临到我们头上。,If only his advice had been acted upon. 当时要是采纳了他的意见该有多好。 How dare you come in as if you owned the place? 你怎么敢象是这地方的主人似的随意进来？ I w

14、ould rather we had dinner now. 我倒愿意现在就吃饭。,I would sooner he stayed at home. 我倒宁愿他现在呆在家里。 It is high time you turned over a new leaf. 现在该是你改过自新重新做人的时候了。,1.4 条件虚拟语气,从总体上说，条件虚拟语气基本上可理解为是在直陈语气的基础上将时间点朝过去的方向推移了一步。 条件虚拟语气中与各时间情况相反的虚拟动词形式如下表：,1. 4.1与各时间基准相反条件虚拟语气例示 注意虚拟句中隐含的真实情况和作者、说话人的情感、意愿意义，如： If his su

15、ggestions had been acted upon, circumstances would have been entirely different. 倘若早将他的建议付诸实施，情况早就完全不同了。,If it hadnt rained so heavily I would surely have come to your meeting on Friday afternoon. 倘若不是天下大雨，我肯定会来出席你们星期五下午召开的会议。 If he knew you are here, he would certainly come to see you . 如果他知道你在这里，他

16、肯定会来看你。,If she dyed her hair a little darker, she would look much younger. 如果她把头发染一点，她看起来会显得年轻很多。 If the sun should rise in the west, I would not change my mind. 就是太阳从西边出来，我也不会改变主意。,1. 4.2省略if的条件虚拟语气 条件虚拟语气的条件从句中如有助动词、动词be或动词have时，可以将if省略，将以上这些词与主语位置倒置，这些用法往往见于比较正式的语体中，如：,Were it not for the heavy f

17、og, the plane would have taken off on schedule. 要不是因为浓雾弥漫，飞机就会按预定时间起飞。 Were he allowed to exercise a choice, which would he choose of the three? 倘若让他们使选择权，三者之中他将挑选哪一个？,Should there be a misfortune, how could its loss be lightened? 如果发生不幸，怎样才能减轻损失？ Had I known of your difficulties I would have helped

18、 you . 要是我当时知道你的窘境，我就会帮你了。,1. 4.3 错综条件虚拟语气 有时条件从句对应的时间基准与结果主句对应的时间基准可能会出现错位，如从句表示与过去事实相反的意义，主句表示与现在情况相反等，这时应该针对情况对动词形式予以调整，如：,If it had not been for the prolonged drought in May ,we should reap a bumper harvest this year. 要不是五月那场持续的干旱，我们今年可能夺得大丰收。（条件从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来可能情况相反）,Had he not turned a deaf ea

19、r to my warning, he would not be in such a difficult situation. 倘若他对我的告诫不置若罔闻的话，他就不会陷入目前的困境了。（条件从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在情况相反）,Had he enough courage he would certainly take your challenge. 假如他有足够的勇气，他肯定会勇敢地接受你的挑战。（条件从句与现在事实相反，主句与将来情况相反）,Had you worked a bit harder, you would not have to be so extremely worrie

20、d about the coming examination now. 如果你过去学习用功一点，现在也不必象这样为即将来临的考试忧心如焚了。（条件从句与过去事实相反，结果主句与现在情况相反）,1. 4.4 含蓄条件虚拟语气 有时条件虚拟语气的条件不是由从句表达的，而是由介词词组或上下文等表达的，这样的虚拟语气称为含蓄条件虚拟语气，如：,We could not have achieved such brilliant achievement in the war without the selfless support from the allied forces. 要不是盟军的无私援助，我们

21、不可能取得如此辉煌的成绩。,The plan would have turned out to be quite effective under other circumstances. 换个环境，该计划完全可能非常有效。,He would have got much higher scores in the final examination, but he was so lazy. 他本来在期末考试中得分会高得多的，只是他太懒惰了。,It was snowing heavily or we could have got there on time. 那天正值天降大雪，不然我们本来可以按时到

22、达的。 With more capital, I would have succeeded. 假如有更多的资本，我可能会取得成功。 The same thing, happening in a crowded place, would have brought a great disaster. 假如相同的事件发生在人群拥挤的地方，一定会引起一场大灾难。,But for the doctors skill, he would have died. 要不是医生医术高明，他早就死了。 Five minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last t

23、rain. 如果早到五分钟，我们就可以赶上一班火车了。 To hear him speak English, youd take him for an American. 假如你听他说英语，你会以为他是美国人。,Exercise One,1. If the earth suddenly _ spinning, we would all fly off it.（1990 年6月四级题） A. stopped B. had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop,2. “How should the city be run?” “If I _ a mayor, I

24、 would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.”（托福题） A. would B. were C. would be D. should,3. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.（1999年6月四级题） A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned,4. Jea

25、n doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级题） A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got,5. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.（1999年1月四级题） A. wouldnt

26、 be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile,6. I apologize if I _ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.（1998年考研题） A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended,7. It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on time.（1995年6月六级题） A. be B. shall b

27、e C. are to be D. must be,8. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.(1995年6月四级题) A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started,9. Who would you rather his daughter _ in the same office.（2002年6月四级题） A. going B. to go C. have

28、 gone D. went,10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,_ they Christina, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.（2001考研题） A. be B. being C. were D. are,Translation,1.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没有问题了。 If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 2.昨晚如果有时间，我就回来看你的。 If I had had tim

29、e last night,I would have come to see you.,3.You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。 4. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. 作为陆海空三军的总司令，我已下令采取一切防御措施。,Listening Practice,Enjoy the following englis

30、h songs and practice the subjunctive mood. Because I love you Shoulda woulda coulda,Oral Practice,Suppose tomorrow was Teachers Day. You wanted very much to celebrate it for your middle school teacher，but you would be very busy then. What would you do then? Talk over your planning with your partners

31、. Whenever you have difficulties with grammar，do consult with your partners.,Writing Practice,First, write a short Passage with the title “ If I were Bill Gates” in15 minutes. Then, exchange your work with your partner and point out the grammatical errors in the writing for each other. Finally, corr

32、et the errors in your own writing . Pay attention to the usage of the subjunctive mood in it.,第二讲,情态动词,modal verb,Olympics: He believes rowers could have done better.,A gold and two bronze is an amazing achievement but I think all of us would agree that if everything went our way we could have gone

33、better, he said.,情态动词的特征 情态动词（modal verb)表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词本身虽有词义，但不完全，不能单独作谓语动词，只能和不带to的动词不定式连用，一起构成谓语动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。,2.1 情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能： 表已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。,在这两个方面must/mustnt; can/cant; need/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt; should/shouldnt；ought to等情态动词完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的,2.1.1表示已经发生的情况。 1

34、）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定”。,如： My pain_ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right?” A must be B had been C must have been D had to be,2）cant / couldnt have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没”。,如： Mary _ my letter; o

35、therwise she would have replied before now. A couldnt have received B ought to have received C has received D shouldnt have received,3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许”。,如: At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have

36、 been unknowingly caused by an electrician.,2.1.2表示虚拟语气 1) neednt have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于”didnt need to do”,译为“其实没必要”。,如： You neednt have come over yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _ so formally. A neednt dress up B did not need have dressed up C did not need dress up D nee

37、dnt have dressed up,2）should have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该”；should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该”。,如： I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. 我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。,3) ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译“该”，与sho

38、uld 的完成式含义类似。,如： The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .,4) could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。,如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.,5) may/ might have

39、+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会”,如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.,2.2 情态动词+不定式进行式 情态动词+ be + v-ing,表推测或评论 某动作现在是否正在进行,如: They shouldnt be watching TV now. They should be d

40、oing their homework. 他们不该在家看电视。 他们应该在做家庭作业才对。,2.3 情态动词+不定式完成进行时 情态动词+have been + v-ing ，表推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。,如:They shouldnt have been chatting then. They must have been working then. 那时他们不该在闲谈。 他们一定一直在工作,2.4 几个情态动词常考的句型： 2.4.1 may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近； Since the flight was

41、 cancelled, you might as well go by train. 既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。,2.4.2 cannot / canttoo “越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover. 如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 驾车时候，越小心越好。,2.4.3 used not to 或didnt use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。 2.4.4 should 除了“应该”一层意思外，还要掌握其“竟然”的意

42、思。 如： I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。,2.5 情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 2.5.1 want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。 如： Your hair wants cutting .The book is worth reading. The floor requires washing.,2.5.2 need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义 The house needs

43、 painting= the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.,Exercise Two,1. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we_ during the day .(1999年1月四级题） A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D.

44、 must have done,2. Some women _ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of family.(2000年1月四级题） A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made,3.He _ another career but, at the time ,he didnt have enough money to attend graduate sch

45、ool.(1995年1月六级题） A. might have chosen B. might choose C. had to choose D. must have chosen,答案,1.C.研究结果表明，我们不论白天可能做什么，每天晚上都要用大约两个小时做梦。 2.D.有些妇女本来可以挣一份很好的工资，而不是待在家里，但是为了家庭，她们决定不工作。 3.A.他本来可能选择另一种职业，但是那是他没有足够的钱上研究生,Listening Practice,Listen to the following English song. Always on my mind Elvis Presley

46、 提高对情态动词should have/ could have/ cant/ 等词的敏感度,第三讲,形容词、副词及其比较级、最高级,近两年在英语四六级翻译中的考查,Since my childhood I have found that to me, nothing is more interesting than reading. (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力) (2006. 12) The more you explain, the more confused I am .(我愈糊涂)(2006. 6),强化例句：Nothing could have been more annoying

47、. 强化例句：The older I get, the happier I am.,3.1形容词的修饰与位置 一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀 “ ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ ly ”结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意； 形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语，这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性。,3.1.1以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词 costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely

48、 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的,3.1.2以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语 afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的,3.1.3只作前置定语的形容词 earthen 泥土做的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 mo

49、nthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的,3.1.4下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语: remain ，keep ，become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look 如： All those left undone may sound great

50、 in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.,3.2形容词与副词的比较级与最高级 3.2.1做比较级题目时，学生应把握： 1）形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。,如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often _,or better than an actual performance. A as good as B as good C g

51、ood D good as,在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A,2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。 如： The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _ . A of last years B those of last years C of those of last year D that of last years,（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of

52、”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择B，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为D。,3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置 原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为.若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+asas,或倍数词+morethan，但again一般放在原级词之后，即 “as+原级again + as”.如,Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year _ than automobile accidents. A seven

53、more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times,“Do you regret paying_ as five hundred dollars for the painting ?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” A twice so much B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice,4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念： inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, s

54、uperior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.,如: Their watch is _ to all the other watches on the market. A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial,Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研题),5）“比较级

55、and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。 前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如：,Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming daily worse . The road

56、got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.,6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如： Today it is even colder than yesterday .I have yet more exciting news for you .,7) 有关比较级的特殊句型： A): not so much as 需要注意的： 从结构上来看，notso much as 可以有两种结构：not A

57、so much as B 或not so much A as B; 从意思来看，该句型的基本含义为:“与其说A倒不如说B”,或者“是B，而不是A”。但在实际翻译中十分灵活。 A和B两个被比较的平行结构，如：同为介词短语、动词不定式、名词短语或其他平行结构。,Science moves forword, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 评析：此为1994年的

58、考研翻译真题。本题考查的是not so much A as B这一比较句型。这里的平行结构是两个介词短语： through the insights of great men of genius和because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，两者在此作状语，修饰谓语moves forword。,译文：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。,The conveniences that American desire reflect not so much

59、 a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted. 评析：此为1995年的考研真题。此处平行结构是两个名词短语： a leisurely lifestyle 和a busy lifestyle，两者都作reflect的宾语。 译文：美国人所渴望的种种便利设施，与其说是反映了一种休闲的生活方式，倒不如说是反映了一种忙碌的生活方式，正因为忙碌，所以每分钟都很宝贵而不容浪费。,The great use of a school education is not so much to teac