CET作文常见错误.ppt

1、CET作文常见错误,1.句子成分残缺不全 We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误) We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams(正) We should read books may be useful to us. (误) We should read books which may be useful to us. (正),2.句子成分多余 This test is end, but there is

2、another test is waiting for you. (误) One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正) The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (误) The driver of the red car died on the spot. (正),3.主谓不一致 Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误) Some think that reading should be selective

3、. (正) My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误) My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正),4.动词时态、语态的误用 I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误) I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正) We have l

4、ittle time to read some books which we interest. (误) We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正) I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (误) I have been studying in the college for two years(正),5.词类混淆 It is my point that reading must be selectively. (

5、误) In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正) Honest is so important for everyperson. (误) Honesty is so important for everyone. (正) The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (误) The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正),6.名词可数与不可数的误用 Too much tests are disadv

6、antage for students study. (误) Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. (正) In the presidents office, we have found new equipments of various kinds. (误) In the presidents office, we have found new equipment of various kinds. (正),7.动词及物与不及物的误用 The traffic accident was taken place at the juncti

7、on of two highways. (误) The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. (正) Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误) Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正),8.介词to和不定式符号的混淆 Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independ

8、ent thinking. (误) Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. (正) All these contributed to solve the serious problem. (误) All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. (正),9.情态动词的误用 It may not good to our health. (误) It may be not good to our health. (

9、正) They should spent much time. (误) They should spend much time. (正),10. There be句型的误用 There exists some new problems such as being dishonest. (误) There exist/arise some new problems such as being dishonest. (正) There are many students think college education is worthwhile. (误) There are many studen

10、ts who think college education is worthwhile. (正),11. 动宾搭配不当 We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem. (误) We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. (正) It also may help you to make success. (误) It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正),12. 根据中文逐字硬译 If s

11、omeones family situation is not well, he can apply for loan to bank. (误) If ones family is not well off, he can apply to the bank for a loan. (正) Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health. (误) Let alone get in touch with the world outside of the campus/keep fit.(正),议论文写作策略

12、(Strategies for Argumentation Writing) 1遵循议论文的基本格式：其格式和其三大要素不无关系，由立论、论证和结论三个部分组成。也可以就此处理成三个段落的格式：引出话题段+立论和论证段+结论段。文章的重点应放在第二段。另外，注意开始段和结束段在主题上要保持一致，如果前后矛盾就没有说服力，也没有逻辑可言。 2篇章结构要注意英语写作的特点：首先要写好主题句。段首的主题句要全面概括这一段的主题思想，凡是这一段的展开句，如用来进行论证、论据的部分都要和主题句密切相关，与段落主题无关的句子都应该删去。此外，为了达到语篇水平上的连贯，要使用一些表示逻辑关系的过渡词，如表示

13、递进关系、因果关系、转折关系的词汇，英语写作依赖这类过渡词创造出语篇连贯、逻辑性强的篇章结构。 3使用修辞手段加强说服力：议论文的写作目的，就是要说服别人同意自己对事物的看法。如果语言太平淡，形式太普通就缺乏感染力，达不到写作目的。因此，要借助一些修辞手段营造氛围。可以适当使用平行结构、比喻、夸张等修辞手法来增强说服力。用词简洁准确，多用书面语等等，会令人觉得作者是可信、可靠的，因而，他说的言之有理。,记叙文写作策略 (Strategies for Narration Writing) 1记叙文的6大要素（时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果）要交代清楚。同时要把握好各个要素和中心思想的关系。

14、2确定叙述的人称：选择合适的人称为主题服务。如果要叙述细腻的人物内心活动、丰富的思想感情，选用第一人称的叙述方式比较合适；如果叙述需要比较广阔的发挥空间，那么，用第三人称就可以真实、客观地完成全过程的叙述。 3确定叙述的内容：首先确立中心思想。然后，根据中心思想选择材料，从具体材料中提炼出中心来。 4确定叙述的方式：叙述的结构要合理安排，情节要合理安排。叙述方式有顺叙、倒叙和插叙。其中，最常用的叙述方式是按照时间顺序，事情发生、发展的顺序进行叙述。这种顺叙的方式在英文写作中最常见。 5选用合适的时态叙述：例如，事情发生在过去的过去，就用过去完成时叙述。一般按时间顺序发生的事，用一般过去时。根据

15、具体情况，还可以用到过去进行时和过去将来时。,说明文写作策略 (Strategies for Exposition Writing) 遵循事物的客观性、科学性，是写好说明文的前提。因此，要仔细观察、掌握事物的性质或特征，如实、准确地予以说明。说明文的写作方法有很多种，如分类、解释、举例、定义、比较等等方法。另外，在写作过程中对事物进行说明的顺序大致也有这样三种，即主次顺序、时间顺序、空间顺序。下面介绍三种最常用的说明文写作方法及其策略： 1分类法：段落基本结构为：主题句+列举+结论。使用分类法要注意，只有同属、同类的事物才能用分类法。分类的标准要始终保持一致，不能中途改变。 2解释法：解释法就

16、是说明做某事的步骤、做某事的具体方法。其写作方法是：第一步+第二步+第三步 ；其写作要点是：要合理安排写作顺序，如主次顺序、时间顺序、空间顺序，要一环扣一环，始终保持整个过程的连贯。在每个步骤之前，可以使用一些表示顺序的信号词，如：用the first step; to begin with表示第一个步骤，用 the second step; then表示第二个步骤，最后一个步骤用 finally。有了这些表示顺序的关键词就能把主题逐步阐述清楚。 3举例法：段落基本结构：主题句+说明问题的例证+重申主题。客观事物的性质和规律，有时用比较直观的事例就可以说清道明。在遇到“如何理解,为什么说, 试

17、举例说明”这类话题时，用举例法能很好地把话题解释清楚。,应用文写作策略(Strategies for Applied Writing) 在人们日常工作、学习和生活中，个人与个人、个人与单位以及不同单位之间，为了各自的需求，相互间必然要进行联络、交流和沟通。而应用文正好提供了交流沟通的语言文字载体形式，起到了人们沟通情感、信息的桥梁作用，此类应用文体较多，如：公文、礼仪文、书信等样式。 1.应用文的写作目的就是为了解决人们的工作、生活和学习中的实际问题，这就决定了应用文的内容必须“务实”、不能“务虚”，任何一篇应用文都因实际需要而作，并由此产生实际效果。 2.应用文的对象是十分具体明确，写给看谁

18、，行文者一清二楚。比如一般的书信、条据在抬头处就点明了对象。海报、通告、启事等，也有其特定的对象。 3.应用文要熟悉一定的表达程式，即规范的格式。这个格式，是人们在长期的使用进程中，习以为常，约定俗成，自然而然地格式化了。写应用文时要尽量遵循固有的格式，比如四级考试中书信写作，就要根据收信对象和信的内容来灵活选用合适的语言表达。 4.应用文总是针对人们工作、学习和生活中的具体事情写作的，其目的就是为了处理和解决实际问题。诸如：请柬、通知、贺信、条据、书信等，都具有着较强的时效性，具体信息要在行文里有明确的表达。,四级写作实用策略：,1. 句型要有变化性。主动使用复句、倒装、排比、平行结构及动词

19、短语，从而使论述更严谨、更有力，并体现出良好的语言驾驭能力。,2. 主动使用生动的成语、谚语及有说服力的引语。每次练习时，把这些成语、谚语、引语划出来，以强化主动使用的意识。例如，在论述求知的艰难时，可引用There is no royal road to learning. (做学问无捷径可走)；在论述言行的辩证关系时，可引用Actions speak louder than words. (行动比谚语更有说服力/事实胜于雄辩)。,3. 学会回避。譬如，想表示某人过着豪华的生活，可以说 He lived a kind of luxurious life. 但考生如不会写 luxurious

20、这个词，不妨回避，切勿生拼硬造。考生可以说 He had a car, a big house and a large company.,4. 主动使用过渡词。例如使用firstly, secondly, to make long short, moreover, however, furthermore 等等，这样，会使文章层次清晰，也使自己思路清楚。建议练习时将过渡词划出，以增强主动使用的意识。,5. 注意避免逻辑错误。例: 作文题目为 Haste Makes Waste，第一段第一句为 Many people believe that the faster the better， bec

21、ause they can save time in this way.这样写显然不妥，因为这样写，就等于认定快并可以省时，because 这一部分应改为 thinking they can save time in this way.,6. 尽量使用几个“高层次”的词，例如可用 nevertheless 代 but，用 magnificent 代替 beautiful 等。,7. 主题句放开头。文章写法因人而异，大作家的写法更难有固定模式。但作为应试手段，考生应现实地去争取做到开宗明义，将主题句 (Topic Sentence) 放在每段开头。CET-4的作文不是自由作文，而是有控制的作文，

22、但给出的提纲往往是用中文（04年6月四级作文为全英语提纲），其目的是避免考生将提纲中的文字直接抄录进作文。考生将提纲以主题句的形式放在每段开头表述出来，就可避免跑题，便于阅卷员的工作。,8. 字数要足够。四级作文要求至少 120 词，字数不足要扣分，这一点在评分标准中有明确规定。考生在平时训练时应按照120词练习，考时也尽量不要只写120词。阅卷员如感觉字数不足，不一定会逐字去查，但在分数段内会给低分。,9. 卷面要整洁。作文评分不是以貌取人，但卷面是否整洁具有微妙的影响。建议打稿，并在平时训练中掌握自己誉写一篇作文所需时间。,要锻炼在语篇水平上的写作能力，首先要把段落写好，加强句与句之间衔接

23、、段与段之间过渡的技巧练习。因为段落是文章的缩影，写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出较好的文章。进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好英语文章的关键一环。下面介绍的是段落结构。 段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句 topic sentence，推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。,平时如何提高写作技能,1 主题句主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都

24、围绕它展开。请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with str

25、angers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.主题句中提出的 certain rules 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个 Dont argue- 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。,主题句的位置主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句

26、可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。,例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, commu

27、nications, carrying goods -everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.,这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句（斜体部分）。,例2 （主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisemen

28、ts. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified

29、all our little weaknesses.以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。,如何写好主题句中的关键词段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。,在上面的例1，例2中，主题句的关键词分别

30、为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced.,如何写好主题句的中心思想主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。对于初学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这

31、一面。例如：,There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人

32、觉得欠缺点什么。,例如：Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an ade

33、quate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.Exercise is beneficial这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。,2推展句,主要推展句主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。例1：(主题句) There

34、 are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of

35、the atmosphere.主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。,次要推展句次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。例2：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn

36、 my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that

37、 I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了 teaching is not easy 这个主题。,主要推展句与次要推展句的关系 主要推展句与次要推展句

38、的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。1每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。2每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。3含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。,写好推展句的方法主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3 ：假设 (suppose) Topic sent

39、ence: English is an international language?设问(why) Why can we say English is an international language?解答(because)Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.Because: Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.Because: More than 60

40、 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.?Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.?Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.,从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词an international language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakist

41、anis speak English)的很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上 “because”，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。,小结：作文段落的基本写作方法,通常段落由二至三部分组成,即主题句，扩展句 和结尾句组成。主题句是段落的核心，它表明作者的观点和态度，同时反映段落的中心思想。主题句的特点是：一是具有明确的观点；二是具有一定的概括性。记住段落的中心思想应该是一个，要清楚地把它表达出来，尽量不要出现语言错误。,如： Advertisement is an import

42、ant link between producers and consumers today. The library supplies people with knowledge of all kinds. Nowadays ,the computer has found wide applications in many fields.,以上句子都具备了主题句的特点，因为所有这些句子都可以用其它句子来解释，描述，分析等即扩展句主要围绕主题句进行叙述。说明或论述，它是主题句发展成短落的主要组成部分。,请看下面的段落： Nowadays, the computer has found wide

43、 applications in many areas. It is used not only in caculations, but also in an engineering project, designing, language learning, etc. In todays society, computers can be seen working for us almost everywhere, in shops, banks, post offices, schools, hospitals, and so on. Computers have even entered

44、 most families. Children can learn various subjects on computers, and parents can enjoy some entertainment from the computer, too.,不难看出本段的扩展句是：It is used not only -后的四个句子 ，这些句子都紧紧围绕主题句展开，叙述计算机在各个领域的应用，同时它们在语法和语义上是完整和连贯的，扣住了主题句的中心思想。结尾句是指用一句话将某段落的内容进行归纳总结，引发读者对段落的进一步认识。,开头段常用核心句型 The arguer may be ri

45、ght about, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that It is true that, but this is not to say that The main/obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that It would be natural/reasonable to think that, but it woul

46、d be absurd to claim that There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that At first thought, it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that The problem/fact is that As far as I am concerned, I believe that Those who object toargue thatBut people who favor, on the other hand,

47、 argue that,中间段的常用核心句型 The change inmainly results from The increase inis due to the fact that Many people would claim that One of the reasons given for is that There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in First Second Finally Why are (is/do/did)? For one thing For another History is f

48、illed with the examples of As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that There is (no) good evidence to We must admit the undeniable fact that No one can deny the fact that Experience (Evidence) suggests that The same is true of,结尾段的常用核心句型 It is high time that we placed

49、 great emphasis on the improvement of It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation (tendency/phenomenon) of There is no easy solution to the problem of, but might be useful. Unless there is a common realization of, it is very likely that It is essential that effective measures shoul

50、d be taken to prevent the situation. It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing/improving) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of To control the tendency is not an easy

51、 job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards To put all into a nutshell, I,段落发展的手段及结尾段的写法,段落发展的几种手段,1 列举法(details)作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First,

52、I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it.

53、 After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand.,根据本段主题句中的关键词组e

54、verything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。,2. 举例法(example)作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们

55、的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a

56、walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for exa

57、mple, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。,3. 叙述法(narration)叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如： In the flat op

58、posite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside t

59、he flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.,这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。,4 对比法或比较法(comparison 而后，又将这一概念具体到了 “a problem”上，通过对比使读者从“-a long time -in one minute”上有更加直观的认识。常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。,5 分类法(classification)在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如： Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication