虚拟语气111.ppt

1、虚 拟 语 气,Subjunctive Mood,在英语中，根据说话人对说话内容的看法和态度的不同，动词使用不同的形式，这种语法现象称为语气。,语气 mood,语气 mood,陈述语气 indicative mood,祈使语气 imperative mood,虚拟语气 Subjunctive Mood,陈述语气 indicative mood,用来表示说话人认为他所表述的是事实，这种预期可用于陈述句，疑问句和感叹句，可以是肯定的或否定的。,She is very clever.,I dont know where I can find Henry. Have you been abroad b

2、efore? What a good heart you have!,祈使语气 imperative mood,Close the door, please!,用来表示命令、请求、建议等，一般用于祈使句。,Let him be here by ten oclock. Dont be late for the meeting.,虚拟语气 Subjunctive Mood,在生活中用途很广泛,生活中的例子,后悔的事,想得到而得不到的东西,想做而不能做的事情,If I had studied harder, I could have enrolled in a better university.,

3、How I wish I could have a beautiful house!,If I could / were to visit some foreign countries, I would be very happy.,虚 拟 语 气,表示说话人的主观愿望和假设、猜测、建议、可能或空想等。,If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.（事实上重力客观存在） I wish I knew French. (事实上“我”不懂法语) He suggested that we (should) come another d

4、ay. (建议),虚拟语气 Subjunctive Mood,虚拟语气在条件句中的运用,虚拟语气在各种从句中的应用,If 引导的句子,主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 状语从句 定语从句,If I have time , I will help you with this work.,If I had time , I would help you with this work.,Tell the difference,如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。,可惜我没有时间。,表示允诺，应该会有时间,表示遗憾，肯定没有时间,条件句,条件句,真实条件句 （Sentences of Real C

5、ondition）,非真实条件句 （Sentences of Unreal Condition）,凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。真实条件句用陈述语气。,当假设是不大可能实现时，就是非真实条件句，也叫虚拟条件句，即采用虚拟语气 。,5）As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.,2）If time permits, well go fishing together.,3）If I were you, I would have attended the meeting.,4）If he had come here

6、yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.,1）If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.,虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用,判断假设是与哪个事实相反。 通常有三种情况： 与过去事实相反。 与现在事实相反。 与将来事实可能相反。,虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用,should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形,1. 一般过去时 2. should+ 动 词原形 3.were+ 不定式,与将来相反,Should/ would have 过去分词,had don

7、e 过去完成时,与过去相反,Should/ would/ could/ might 动词原形,一般过去时（动词是be用were）,与现在相反,主句,从句,虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。,“后退一步法”,后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, c

8、ould 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例： If I had come here yesterday, I would have seen him. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.,“后退一步法”,（1）与现在事实相反的假设,If I have time , I will help you with this work.,If I had time , I would help you with this work

9、.,如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。,If they were here, they would help you.,如果他活着，我们就可以一起幸福地生活。,If he were alive, we could live together happily.,（2）与过去事实相反的假设,He didnt come yesterday, so we didnt see him.,If he had come yesterday, we would have seen him.,如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。,If he had come yesterday, I should / would

10、 have told him about it.,如果昨天下雨了，我们就不可能去公园了。,If it had rained yesterday, we could not have been to the park.,（3）表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想,If you succeeded, everything would be all right.,如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。,If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.,If you should succeed, everything would be all ri

11、ght.,If she found a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.,如果她找到工作的话，她就不可能和她的朋友经常见面了。,If she were to find a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.,If she should find a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.,如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。 I

12、f it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.,混合条件句,有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。,如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。,（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）,If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.,activity,Tell your seatmate in Chinese: 一件你最后悔的事； 你对未来的一个假想。 The

13、n the listener will describe what you have heard in English using subjunctive mood.,pairwork,如果，,if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。,注意事项,虚拟条件句的倒装,虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时,条件,If they were here now, they could help us.,方法,省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从

14、句的句首，实行倒装,they here now, they could help us.,were,If,If you had come earlier, you would have met him.,Had you come earlier, you would have met him.,If it should rain, the crops would be saved.,Should it rain, the crops would be saved.,_ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96.6) a. Would she l

15、eave b. If she leaves c. Were she to leave d. If she had left,_ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96.6) a. Would she leave b. If she leaves c. Were she to leave d. If she had left,_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97.1) a. Had they arrived

16、b. Would they arrive c. Were they arriving d. Were they to arrive,_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97.1) a. Had they arrived b. Would they arrive c. Were they arriving d. Were they to arrive,Exercise 1. If I _ (attend) the meeting last week, I _ (t

17、ell) you what to do now. 2. What_ (happen) if you _ (tell) her the bad news? 3. If I _ (be) you, I _ (invite) him to the party. 4. If I _ (not warn) you, you _ (be) in danger now. 5.If the child _ (not catch) in the rain yesterday, he _(not be) seriously ill today.,Had attended; should tell Would ha

18、ppen; told/ would tell Were; would invite Hadnt warned; would be Hadnt been caught; would not be,Identify the errors in each sentence and then correct them: The carpenter was shocked. If he had only known he was building his own house, he would do it all so differently. Loneliness is all around me.

19、I wish I can pass through this wall that Ive made.,3. It seems as if a mans weak points might develop from his strong points. If his strong points were exaggerated, or found expression at a wrong time or in a wrong place, they may become weak points. 4. In many ways children live, as it was, in a di

20、fferent world from adults.,Would do-would have done Can pass-could pass May become-might become As it was-as it were,含蓄条件句 条件暗含在短语中 常见的有otherwise, or (否则), without, but for 等 Eg: But for the difficulties we would not know great mens toughness. (现在） Without challenges, Theodore Roosevelt would never

21、have been President of the United States. (过去） 条件暗含在上下文 I would not have done it. He would have made more progress in his study.,虚拟语气在各种从句中的应用,1 在主语从句中的应用,主语从句,It is that ,虚拟语气用来表示惊奇、惋惜、建议、理应如此等,句型1： It is necessary/important/natural/strange/odd/ vital/surprising/amazing, etc. + that 句型2： It is a pi

22、ty/a shame, etc. + that 句型3： It is suggested/requested/proposed/desired, etc. + that,从句中的谓语动词为：（should）+动词原形，should可省略,虚拟语气形式,It was natural that she (should) think so. It is surprising that they (should) choose this method to solve the problem.,很遗憾他是这么的粗心大意。 It is a great pity that he (should) be s

23、o careless. 他们需要我们在今晚之前把一切准备好。 It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.,It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. (96.1) a. were not played b. not be played c. not to play d. did not play,It is politely requested by the hotel mana

24、gement that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. (96.1) a. were not played b. not be played c. not to play d. did not play,It is important that enough money _ to fund the project. (97.1) a. be collected b. must be collected c. is collected d. can be collected,It is important that enough money _ to fun

25、d the project. (97.1) a. be collected b. must be collected c. is collected d. can be collected,It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00.1) a. must be sent b. will be sent c. are sent d. be sent,It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possi

26、ble. (00.1) a. must be sent b. will be sent c. are sent d. be sent,It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly. (01.1) a. has made sure b. made sure c. must make sure d. make sure,It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctl

27、y. (01.1) a. has made sure b. made sure c. must make sure d. make sure,虚拟语气在各种从句中的应用,2 在宾语从句中的应用,在表示命令、建议、要求、意图、决定、推荐等一类动词后面的宾语从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。,I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (sho

28、uld) be sent there. He requested that the matter (should) be kept secret.,As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense. (99.6) a. had been taken b. would be taken c. be taken d. to be taken,As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed t

29、hat all measures _ for our defense. (99.6) a. had been taken b. would be taken c. be taken d. to be taken,Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00.1) a. staying not b. not stay c. that he would not stay d. that he not stay,Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00.1) a. staying not b. not stay c. tha

30、t he would not stay d. that he not stay,You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.,attention,错,对,当suggest 不表示“建议“，而表示”暗示、表明”； insist 不表示“坚持要某人做某事”，而表示坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。,2 在宾语从句中的应用,虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中,用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示未实现、将来不太可能实现的愿望。汉语可译为：“可惜”，“就

31、好了”，“悔不该”，“但愿”等。,其宾语从句的动词形式为：,我希望和你一样高。 I wish I were as tall as you. 我要是知道她的地址就好了。 I wish I knew her address. 这里经常下雨，我希望不经常下雨就好了。 It rains a lot here. I wish it didnt rain so often.,（1）与现实相反的愿望,他希望他没讲过那样的话。 He wished he hadnt said that. 我昨晚看那场足球赛就好了。 I wish I had watched the football match last nig

32、ht. 她现在后悔当初应该上大学。 Now she wishes she had gone to the university.,（2）与过去事实相反的愿望,我希望明天下雨就好了。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望那些男孩能安静下来。 I wish the boys would be quiet. 他希望你能去拜访他。（你不太可能会去） He wishes you would go and visit him.,（3）与将来事实可能相反的愿望,Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different p

33、lace. (00.1) a. be living b. were living c. would live d. would have lived,Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place. (00.1) a. be living b. were living c. would live d. would have lived,Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01.6) a. had s

34、tudied b. study c. studied d. had been studying,Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01.6) a. had studied b. study c. studied d. had been studying,虚拟语气在各种从句中的应用,3 在表语从句、同位语从句中的应用,suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）

35、+动词原形。表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等。,Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable. The orders are that we stay here.,他们得到命令，马上开工。 They received orders that the work _ (do) at once. 你们觉得下周英语晚会上我们上演一个话剧这个提议怎么样？ What do you think of the proposal that we _ (put on) a play at the English evening?,(shoul

36、d) be done,(should) put on,We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98.6) a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off,We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98.6) a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off,The suggestion that the may

37、or _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00.6) a. would present b. present c. presents d. ought to present,The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00.6) a. would present b. present c. presents d. ought to present,Summary,It is suggested by the hotel management that ra

38、dios (should) not be played after 11 oclock at night.,I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.,The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.,虚拟语气在各种从句中的应用,4 在状语从句中的应用,注意引导词,as if as though,lest for fear that,Even if in case,if,whatever, so long as,Sh

39、e looked after the orphan as if he _ (is) her own child. I dont like Mary. She talks as if she _ (know) everything. They are talking as if they _ (are) friends for many years.,（1）用于as if/as though引导的状语从句中，表示虚拟比较或方式。,其谓语形式与wish后的宾语从句相同。,were,knew,had been,He hurried on, lest she _ (meet) him again. W

40、e spoke in whispers for fear (that) we _ (wake) the baby. We all seemed afraid to say what was in our minds, for fear (that) it _ (start) trouble.,（2）用于lest, for fear (that) 引导的目的状语从句中。,其谓语形式主要是（should）+ 动词原形。,(should) meet,(might) wake,(might) start,lest: 免得，以免,Even if I _ (is) there, I shouldnt be

41、 able to solve the problem by myself. Nothing could have saved the wounded man even if he _ (treat) without delay.,（3）用于让步状语从句中，表示虚拟让步由even if 引导的让步状语从句,其谓语可用虚拟语气，形式与if虚拟条件句相同。,were,had been treated,The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98.1) a. injure b. had injured c. inj

42、ured d. would injure,The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98.1) a. injure b. had injured c. injured d. would injure,He was punished _ he should make the same mistake again. (01.6) a. unless b. lest c. if d. provided,He was punished _ he should make the same mistake again.

43、(01.6) a. unless b. lest c. if d. provided,5 在定语从句中的应用,虚拟语气在各种从句中的应用,用在It is (about/high) time (that)句型中，其中that-从句属于定语从句范畴。,It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。 It is high time that the children should go to bed.,其谓语动词形式是：动词的过去式或should + 动词原形。后一形式中的should不可以省去。,Its already 5 oclock now

44、. Dont you think its about time _? (96.6) a. we are going home b. we go home c. we went home d. we can go home,Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? (96.6) a. we are going home b. we go home c. we went home d. we can go home,“You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you ar

45、e not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99.1) a. realized b. have realized c. realize d. realizing,“You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99.1) a. realized b. have r

46、ealized c. realize d. realizing,I would rather (that) you/ he/ they I would sooner (that) you/ he/ they宁可, 宁愿 I would rather/ would sooner my son _(become) a teacher, but he wanted to serve his country in the army, so he joined up after graduating. I would rather/ would sooner you_ (have) more health than wealth. I would rather/ would s