大学英语自考教程下册unit8.ppt

1、,UNIT 8 Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure,课文简介：,我们许多人在国际旅行时都有过时差反应。科学家们发现，时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的。实际上，有两套时间调节系统在相互作用，它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定。值得庆幸的是，我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便.,Word study,lag: v/n.走得慢，落后 After I get over jet-lag, Ill call you. 我倒过时差后给你打电话。 Hes lagging behind a bit, and I think wed

2、 better wait for him to catch us up. 他有点落后了，我想我们最好等他赶上来吧。 There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illness and its first signs. 受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间。 His actions lagged behind his thinking. 在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异。,overcome: v. 战胜，克服,Support from his family and his own survivor instinct

3、s have helped him overcome obstacles. 家人的支持和求生的本能帮助他克服了障碍. The learner of a second language has many obstacles to overcome. 学第二语言的人有许多障碍要克服。 First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties. 要战胜困难，首先要战胜自己。,internal a. 内部的，内在的，国内的,The bullet passed through his back and sev

4、eral internal organs and he died later in hospital.子弹射穿了他的背部以及若干内脏，结果他死在了医院里。 The bank says it will conduct its own internal investigation into the disappearance of the money.这家银行说他们会就这笔款项的失踪在银行内部展开调查。,external a. 外在的，在外的,The external walls of the house are in need of repair.这栋房子的外墙需要修缮了。 The doctor

5、 thinks her injuries are all external.医生认为她的伤都是外伤。 You shouldnt judge people solely by their external appearances.你不应以貌取人。,discrepancy n. 差异，不一致,There are several discrepancies between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.最初估计的费用与帐单之间有几处不一致的地方。 The committee is reported unhappy ab

6、out the discrepancy in numbers. 据说委员会对数字上的出入很不满。,feasible: a. 可行的，可能的,Your plan sounds quite feasible. 你的计划听起来是可行的。 Now that we have the extra resources, the scheme seems feasible. 既然我们有了额外的财力，这一方案就可行了。 The plan seems to be feasible. 这个计划似乎是可行的。,assumption: n. 假定，设想，承担，采取,派生词：assume v. 假定，设想 His ass

7、umption proved to be wrong. 他的设想被证明是错的。 You will assume your new duties tomorrow. 你们明天开始执行新任务。,neutral a. 1. 中立的；2. 中性的 neutrality n.中立，中性,She is /stays/remains/keeps neutral in this argument; she doesnt care who wins. 在这场辩论中她保持中立，不在乎谁赢谁输。 He is a rather neutral character. 他的品性平平。,promote: vt. 促进，发扬

8、，提升,派生词：promotion n. 促进，发扬 He certainly ought to be promoted. 他的确应该被提升。 The company is promoting their new sort of soap on television. 公司正在电视上为这种新香皂促销。 We should promote the mutual understanding between the two countries. 我们要增进两国之间的相互了解。,1 effect on: 对 的作用，影响It had an almost immediate effect on his

9、thinking. 这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响。Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children. 暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响。相似词组： influence on: 对有影响。,2 to blame on: 把. 归咎于 He blamed his failure on his teacher. 他把他的失败怪在老师的头上。 They blamed the failure of the action on George. 他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治。 相关词语： to blame for The accountant was bla

10、med for his error. 这个会计由于出错而受到谴责。,3 to advantage: 有利地，有效地More practice will be to your advantage. 多练习对你有利。It is to your advantage to invest wisely. 明智地投资对你很有利。The model is seeking a chance to display herself to advantage.那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己。,4 now that: 既然，由于 Now that you have come you may as well

11、stay. 既然你来了还是待着吧。 Now that oil is scarce, the fate of the motorcar is uncertain. 由于石油短缺，汽车将来的命运如何就难以预料了。,5 to leave alone: 不管，不理；听其自然 Leave me alone take your hand off my arm. 别动我 松开我的胳膊。 I should leave that question alone if I were you. 如果我是你的话，我不会去碰这个问题。,6 out of step: 步伐不一致，不协调That boy was out of

12、 step during most of the parade. 在游行检阅的大部分时间里，那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍。 Im not good at dancing I always get hopelessly out of step. 我不善长跳舞总是踩不上点，已经无可救药了。 He is out of step with modern life. 他同现代生活不合拍。,Text analysis,1. The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. 喷气飞机时

13、差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题 one是代词，代替a problem，后面every international traveller comes across at some time是定语从句，修饰先行词one，定语从句前省略了关系代词that或which；come across意思是（偶然）遇到；at some time相当于sometimes，意为有时。,2.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects

14、, and your flights will be less stressful. Understand what it is这是个祈使句，相当于一个条件状语从句：If you understand what it is,Paragraph 2,1. The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. 乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。 此句是个比较结构。disturbing 是分词式的形容词，比较级是more disturbing，far

15、 用来修饰比较级。effect（影响）后面与介词on搭配，表示对的影响，另有influence和impact后面可与介词on搭配；far可用来修饰比较级，可以替换为much或a lot或a great deal。,2. Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.时差不适症并不是人需要调整到另一时区而产生的心理症状。 adjust to是固定搭配，意思是调整、适应，故有readjust to。 3. It is due to changes in the bo

16、dys physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.它的起因是人体的生理调节机制，特别是激素分泌系统，因环境的改变而发生了变化。 due to意思是由于、因为，通常用作表语成分。,Paragraph 3,1. Confused? 是不是被弄糊涂啦？ 该句是Are you confused?之省略。 2. So was John Foster Dulls, the American Secretary of State, when he fle

17、w to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam. He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.美国国务卿约翰福斯特杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。 blame on 意思是把归咎于；另有blame sb for sth，意为因为某事而责怪某人,Paragraph 4,1. The effects can be used to advantage, too. to advantage意思是有效地、有用地 2. Presiden

18、t Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. keep the entire proceedings at Washington DC time意思是按照华盛顿时间安排议程，keep是使动用法，此处是keep + n. + prep.结构。,3. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case,

19、were jet-lagged.白宫工作人员个个精神焕发；而关岛方面的人因时差不适个个无精打采。 该句是由 while 连接的两个并列句，表示前后对比。in this case 作状语，译为“在这种情况下，” the locals 是指关岛的本地人，作主语。personnel在此处意思是（全体）职员、（全体）人员，表示复数概念，故谓语动词是were；as fresh as paint意思是精神饱满 / 抖擞；the locals 相当于the local people；jet-lag是动词，并用于被动语态，意思是使患有时差不适症、使无精打采。 4. Essentially, they had

20、been instantaneously transported to America.后者实质上等于一下子被送到了美国。 句首essentially意为实际上,Paragraph 5,1. Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it. 既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么,我们便可想办法来克服它。 句首的now that意思是既然；动词understand后接宾语从句what Jet Lag is；go some way to doing sth意为想办法做某事。 2. A great nu

21、mber of the bodys events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.人身体的一系列生理活动每天都有一个固定的发生时间。 a great number of意思是许多、大量；schedule由名词转化为动词；to occur充当句子的主语补足语。 3. Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.当然，生理活动可以被调节，有两个相互影响的调节系统。 these指代上句的the body

22、s events。,Paragraph 6,1. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. 一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化 该句主干结构是“one timing system comes from.”; from 有两个宾语，由and 连接。we experience是定语从句，修饰the periodic

23、ity，关系代词that / which因作宾语而被省略；when living in a particular time zone是由连词when + 现在分词短语构成的时间状语。,2. The other belongs in our internal clocks (the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour-yes,

24、 25-rhythm. 另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时是的，25小时的生理节奏。 该句的主干结构“The other belongs in our internal clocks ”，which 引导定语从句修饰our internal clocks。在定语从句中，left alone 是过去分词词组作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If it is left alone。括号中的定语从句也修饰our internal clocks。belong in意思是存在于；名词 / 数词 / 代词

25、 + of + 关系代词引导非限制性定语从句；be located in意思是位于；called the suprachiasmatic nucleus是过去分词短语，修饰前面的名词a part；leave alone意为听其自然、不理、不管。,3. Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularize the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period. in step意为步调一致；tend to意思是倾向于；regularis

26、e to 意思是把调整到。,Paragraph 7,1. If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart. 然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定

27、时相差几个小时。 however 是插入语，意思是然而； “which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰zone。which 和but which 是两个并列的定语从句，修饰前面的two alarm clocks。out of step意为乱了步调；,2. Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times. 尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则在不同时间报时。 whereas连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然” 3.

28、Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.,Paragraph 8,1. In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time. 经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间。 句首的in time意思是终于、经过一段时间以后；it does take time意为这确实要花时间的，其中does是助动词，用以加强语气。 2. One easily monitored rhythm is palm sw

29、eating. monitored是过去分词，修饰rhythm，作定语，表示被动意义。 3. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. flown to a time zone different by 10 hours是过去分词短语，作a man的定语。 4. Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust. 血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来

30、。 which is also rhythmical是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的blood pressure。,Paragraph 9,1. One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. 此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。reason常与介词for搭配，表示的理由； 2. The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in th

31、e morning, wherever the body is. 出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配 which controls salt and water excretion是非限制性定语从句，修饰the hormone cortisol；wherever the body is是地点状语从句或让步状语从句。 3. But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs. 但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。 whenever Whe

32、never in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；whenever in the day that sleep occurs中whenever是副词，意思是无论什么时候。引导时间状语从句。that sleep 是从句的主语，that 是指示代词修饰sleep。,4. Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning (local) and goes to sleep as

33、soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously. 该句是并列复合句，中间以but连接，第一分句是被动语态，第二分句中if the body arrives and goes to sleep as soon as possible是条件状语从句，the two hormones simultaneously是主句。,.,1It is not difficult to understand the discomfort that rapid travel brings to the body. 2One of the reasons for this is that different activities of the