管理学-斯蒂芬.P.罗宾斯 chapter_9 (免费).ppt

1、Chapter 9,Planning tools and techniques,Techniques for assessing the environment,Environmental scanning Forecasting benchmarking,Environmental scanning,Environmental scanning is the screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and interpret changes in the environment. One of the fastest-g

2、rowing areas of environmental scanning is competitor intelligence,which seeks to identify who competitors are ,what they are doing,and how they actions will affect the organization.,Environmental scanning,Competitors intelligence experts suggest that 80 percent of what managers need to know about co

3、mpetitors can be found from their own employees ,suppliers ,and customers.,Forecasting,Forecasting techniques fall into two categories :quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative forecasting applies a set of mathematical rules to a series of past data to predict outcomes. Qualitative forecasting use

4、s the judgment and opinions of knowledgeable individuals to predict outcomes.,benchmarking,Benchmarking is the search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance. The process,Techniques for allocating resources,Budgeting Scheduling Breakeven anl

5、ysis Linear programming,scheduling,Gantt charts Load charts PERT network analysis,PERT network,PERT network is a flowchart diagram that depicts the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or costs associated with each activity. Events are end points that present the completi

6、on of major activities. Activities represent the time or resources required to progress from one event to another.,Slack time is the amount of time an individual activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project. The critical path is the longest or most time-consuming sequence of events and activities in a pert network