Grammarandusage.ppt

1、Grammar and usage,江苏 缪晓红,1.Help students know more about attributive clauses. 2.Help students to know the attributive clauses introduced by “preposition +which/whom”.,Learning goal,3.Help students to know how to use the relative adverbs to begin the attributive clauses.,The attributive clause introd

2、uced by prep. + which,The attributive clause introduced by prep. + whom,What is the picture for? This is a picture from which you can know more about the growing pains in Unit two. Oh, I see. That is wonderful.,Who is he? He is one of the main characters in the growing pains from whom we can know th

3、e main characters personality.,Look! Here is a map from which we can know more about China.,What is this? It is a wonderful scenery from which we can know much about the mountains.,Look at this father. He loves his daughter so much. But I dont like the way( in which/that) he treats his kid.,1.关系代词作介

4、词宾语，不论是在限 制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性 定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能 用 whom 指人，which 指物；但如 果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关 系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语 中。如：,温馨提示：,Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which / that) he was writing with suddenly broke.,2.以the way为先行词的限制性定语从 句通常由in which或that

5、引导，而且通常可以省略。如： The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的样子。,3. 介词的选用原则 1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。如： This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan.,spend mone

6、y on sth.为固定搭配,pay money for sth.为固定搭配,2)根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。如： I remember the day on which I joined the League. I remember the days during which I lived here. I remember the month in which I stayed there.,强调在具体某一天要用介词on,强调在某几天时间内要用介词during,在month前介词要用in,4. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look aft

7、er, take care of 等。如： This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. 这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking.,正,误,The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.,正,误,5. “介词+关系代词”

8、前或后还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。,In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which (=of which some) have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are forty students in our cl

9、ass in all, most of whom (=of whom most) are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。,Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which (=of which three) are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。,高考链接,介词加关系代词引导的定语从句,1. The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-

10、river traffic is the heaviest. (江苏2005) A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which,2. He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. （山东2005） A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this,简析： 题1中 the place 在定语从句中作 to be built 的地点状语，此处的 a

11、t which 相当于 where; 后面是表语从句，表示建在某地。 题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造，故选C。,3. I have many friends, _some are businessmen. (全国2005） A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom,4. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. (重

12、庆2006) A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which,We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _we gave some bells and glasses. (湖南2006) A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which,6.I was given three books on cooking, the first _I really enjoyed. (

13、浙江2006) A. of that B. of which C. that D. which 题3、4、5、6考查考生对“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的掌握及其灵活运用情况。,1.Do you like the book _ she spent $10? 2.Do you like the book _ she paid $10?,on which,Use proper prepositions and relative pronouns to fill in the blanks.,for which,Practice one,3. Do you like the book _ she

14、learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book _ she often talks? 5. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River.,from which,about which,of which,6. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 7. This is the book _ I am looking for.,to whom,which,1.American w

15、omen usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. （04上海） A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom,Practice two,2. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （04全国I） A. for whichB. at which C. in which D. on which,3. There are altoget

16、her eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. （04全国IV） A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which,4. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （04广西） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which,The attributive clause introduced

17、 by when, where and why.,Look ! What day is it today? Why are they getting together again? Today is March, 12th when people get together to plant trees!,Where is it? It is the basketball court. It is a place where we can play basketball indoors.,Who is she? She is Mrs. Green and she has asked for a

18、leave for her giving a birth to her kid. That is the reason why she doesnt come to work as usual.,定语从句中关系副词的使用,1.定语从句中关系副词有： when, where, why 2.关系副词在定语从句中所作的成份： 关系副词在定语从句中都作状语。when 作时间状语；where 作地点状语；why 作原因状语。如：,He remember the day when his father died. I went back to the place where I was born and

19、grew up. Please give me the reason why you were late this time.,when 作时间状语，意为 on the day,where 作地点状语，意为in the place,why作原因状语，意为for the reason,3. 并非先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词时都用when, where, why，若先行词在定语从句中不作状语，而是作主语或宾语，就必须用which或that。 如： We often think of the days which we spent together in the countryside.,whi

20、ch在定语从句中作宾语,比较: We often think of the days when we worked together in the countryside.,when在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于 on the days。,We believe the reason that he told us. 比较: The reason why/for which he was absent yesterday is still unknown.,4.关系副词when, where和why也可用“介词+which”来代替，要注意其先行词（名词）与介词的合理搭配，介词根据先行词或定语从句

21、的谓语动词来确定。 when 相当于“at/in/during+which” where 相当于“in/at/on+which” why 相当于“for + which” 如：,Is this the day when/on which I visited the museum? Please put the letter on the desk where/on which he can easily find it. This is the reason why/for which he didnt come to the meeting.,Ill never forget the day

22、 when I joined the league.,句中when相当于on which,Detailed explanation,where在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”。如： This is the room where Lu Xun once lived.,句中when相当于in which,Do you know the reason why she was late? It rained heavily, for which he was late for the class.,思考,是否所有的介词+关系代词都能用关系副词代替?,1.The paint

23、ing (_ I looked) was painted by me. 2.The book (_ I heard) was written twenty years ago.,at which,about which,3.The pen (_ she wrote that book) can now be seen in a museum. 4.Kunming is a beautiful place ( _) flowers are seen all the year round. 5.Yesterday we went to visit the house ( _ ) the great

24、 writer used to live.,with which,where/in which,where/in which,6. I will never forgot the day (_ ) I first met you on the ship. 7. The film (_I fell asleep) was very boring. 结论：只有当 “介词+关系代词”充当地点状语、时间状语或原因状语时，才能用关系副词代替。,on which/when,during which,注意：关系副词与关系代词在定语从句中的关系： “介词+关系代词”在从句中作状语相当于一个关系副词。如： 王先

25、生工作的那家工厂是一家鞋厂。 这个句子有以下三种表达方式：,The factory that/which Mr. Wang works in is a shoe one. The factory in which Mr. Wang works is a shoe one. The factory where Mr. Wang works is a shoe one.,他将永远记住他入团的那天。 1. He will forever remember the day that/which he joined the League on. 2. He will forever remember t

26、he day on which he joined the League. 3. He will forever remember the day when he joined the League.,1. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. (1994上海) A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who,高考链接,2. After living

27、 in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. (NMET1996) A. which B. that C. where D. when,3. The film brought the hours back to me_ I was taken good care of in that faraway village. (NMET2001) A. until B. that C. when D. where,4. Is this the reason _ at the meetin

28、g for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春季) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained,5. There was _ time_ I hated to go to school. (2004湖北卷) A. a, that B. a, when C. the, that D. the, when,6. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many

29、 people have got home. (1995上海) A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which,7. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. (2000上海) A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose,8. American women usually identify their best friend as someone_ they ca

30、n talk frequently. (2004上海卷) A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom,9. The English play_ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. (2004 全国高考I) A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which,10There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. (2004全国高考IV) A. on

31、 which B. in which C. of which D. from which,1. I still remember the day _ I came here. 2. I still remember the day _ I came here. 3. I still remember the day _ we spent together.,on which,when,which/that,Finish the following exercises.,1. I went to the place _ we worked ten years ago. 2. I went to

32、the place _ we worked ten years ago. 3. I went to the place _ we visited ten years ago.,in which,where,which,This is the reason _ he was late. 2. This is the reason _ he was late.,for which,why,1. The train _she was traveling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 2. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. that B. in which C. under which D. which,3. I want to know the reason _he didnt attend the meeting. A. that B. whic