定语从句完全解析.ppt

1、定语从句,The attributive clause,（一）定义及相关术语,1.定语从句： 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。,2.先行词： 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。,3.关系词： 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。,关系词有关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有: that, which, who, whom, whose, as等 关系副词有: when, where, why,关系词通常有下列三个作用： A.引导定语从句； B.代替先行词； C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。,The man who is shaking hands with my fathe

2、r is a policeman.,（二）关系代词引导的定语从句,1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。,That is the teacher who teaches us physics.,2. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。,The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.,注意：关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。,3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。,The house which is by the lake looks nice.,4tha

3、t 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。,The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.,5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。,He has a friend whose father is a doctor.,（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。,The school (which / that) he

4、once studied in is very famous.,The school in which he once studied is very famous.,注意： 1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。,This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.,The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.,.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代

5、词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。,The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.,.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few 等代词或者数词。,He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.,（四）关系副词引导的定语从句,1.when 指时间，在定语从句中

6、作时间状语。,I still remember the day when I first came to this school.,2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。,Shanghai is the city where I was born.,3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。,Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.,注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。,From the years when / in which he was going to primary

7、 school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.,（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。,B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“的” 通常译成主句的并列句。,关系词的使用上 A作宾语时可省略 B不可省略 A可用that B不用that A可用who 代替 whom B不可用who 代替 who

8、m,Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.,The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.,The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.,China is a country which has a long history.,In the street I saw a man who was from A

9、frica.,限制性定语从句举例：,非限制性定语从句举例 ：,His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.,China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.,Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.,注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：,1. Her brother who is now

10、 a soldier always encourages her to go to college.,她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）,Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.,她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）,All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.,所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）,2. All the book

11、s that have pictures in them are well written.,所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）,（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况,1.当先行词是不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。,3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。,4当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。,2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。,5.当先行词前面有who, which 等疑问代词时。,6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。,7.当先行词为

12、特殊疑问词时。,（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句,as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是,1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。,2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。,注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：,3.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，表示如此或如，关系词常用as。,Ive never heard

13、 such stories as he tells.,This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.,注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。,She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.,She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.,(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。,The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.,（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择,用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）.,A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.,I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.,Compare :,B. I will never forget the days when we