动词的不定式用法 - 副本.ppt

1、动词的不定式用法,Infinitive,非谓语动词（non-predicate verb）,概念：在句子中不充当谓语成分，而具有其它功能的动词。 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词、形容词和副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 特点：与谓语动词相比，非谓语动词既不能单独作谓语，其形式又不受主语的人称或数的限制。故又称为非限定动词non-finite verb 。 分类：三种形式：动名词，不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。,非限定动词（non-finite verb ）、Verbal,1)非限定动词(verbal)有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种。 2)非限定动词和限定动词的基本区别 a)限定

2、动词在句子中可以单独作谓语动词，非限定动词在句中则不能单独作谓语动词。 b)限定动词的形式要与主语的人称和数一致，而非限定动词的形式则不受主语的人称和数的限制。如： He likes to sing 它他喜欢唱歌。 They like to sing. 他们喜欢唱歌。 限定动词like受主语人称和数的限制，的形式与主语一致。第一句为likes，第二句为like。非限定动词sing则不受这种限制，它的形式不随主语而改变。,Infinitive,(动词)原形,不定式(前面常加 to) Theinfinitiveof a verb is the basic form, for example do,

3、 be, take, and eat. The infinitive is often used with to in front of it. the uninflected form of the verb,语法功能,用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。但不能做谓语。 不定式是非谓语动词常见的一种形式，它具有名词的特征，在句子中可以作主语或宾语；具有形容词的特征，在句子中可以作表语、定语或补足语；具有副词的特征，在句子中可以作状语。,1)主语,不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。 如： To serve the p

4、eople well is our duty. To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危险的。 To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。 To die for the people is a glorious death! 为人民而死，虽死犹荣。 动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而在句首用引词it作语法形式上的主语。上述两句即可改为： It is a great pleasure to talk with him. It is a glorious death

5、to die for the people.,注意也常用It is+形容词+动词不定式短语这样的句型： It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必须订一个学习这门课程的计划。 It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it. 小只要你花时间下功夫，学好一门外国语并不难。 Its just impossible to see that and not weep.看见那种情景而不哭是根本不可能的。(注意weep之前省去了to，以

6、免重复),It 做形式主语，to do做真正主语,类似这样不定式做主语的句型有:It is + n.+ to doIt takes sb.+ some time + to doIt is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 作主语例如：It is our duty to help them.It will take you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for us to answer this ques

7、tion.It is kind of you to help me.注：1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等：2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。,2)表语,Her wish is to become an astronaut.她的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们

8、的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。 His only desire was to be useful to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一个对国家有用的人。,眼见为实. Right or Wrong： Seeing is to believe. To see is believing. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.,你要干的事就是尽快把这项工作做完。,All you have to do is finish the job quickly.,All you have to do is (to) finish the job qui

9、ckly.,2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold.,Infinitive与V.-ing作表语时的区别,不定式作主语表示具体动作; 动名词作主语表示抽象的一般行为. To see is to believe. Our work is serving the people. Ps.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件, 一是结果,不定式作表语时一般紧跟在系动词be, seem, remain, appear , get等后面，用来说明主语的内容。 常见的主语有： ones dream, bus

10、iness, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty, what one wants to do，What I want to say,3)宾语,有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有want，wish，like，decide，help，pledge(保证)，begin，forget，learn，ask(要求)等等。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语。如： He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做个山村教师。 Do you like to watch football m

11、atches? 你喜欢看足球赛吗? Learn to walk before you run.先学走后学跑。 We decided to make changes in our plan.我们决定把计划做些修改。,【考试重点】 以下动词一般跟不定式作宾语 afford 花费得起，提供 appear 好像 happen 碰巧 arrange 安排 hope 希望 attempt 试图 Intend 企图 decide 决定 learn 学会 plan 计划 expect 期望 offer 打算 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 fail 未能 manage 设法 f

12、ear 害怕 want 要想 wish 希望,非谓语动词不定式,Infinitive与V.-ing作宾语时的区别,不定式作宾语 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree,ask, aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise, refuse, wish等 这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如: I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my

13、 money back.,【考试重点】 以下动词只能用动名词或从句作宾语 admit 承认 appreciate 赞赏，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避开 imagine 想象 miss 错过 practice 练习 delay 耽搁 mind 介意 consider 考虑 postpone 推迟 enjoy 享受 risk 冒风险 suggest 建议,不能用不定式搭配的动词,动名词与不定式的区别,动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： 1stop to dos

14、top doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3remember to doremember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing,注意：如果不

15、定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用it作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。例如：他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.宾语宾补They found it impossible to get everything ready inadvance.,动词不定式也可以用来作某些形容词的宾语。这些形容词通常只有ready(准备好，愿意)，eager(急于)，anxious(急于)等，但为了学习上的方便，也可以包括able，sure，glad(，sorry，afraid，free，pl

16、eased，determined，willing等。如： He is sure to succeed.他肯定会成功。 How do you do? Im glad to meet you. 你好?见到你很高兴。 The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.这些男孩子和女孩子渴望学会滑冰。,4)定语,动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： He is always the first one to get up.他总是第一个起床。 I have a few words to say on this question。关

17、于这个问题我有几句话要说。 They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他们正在讨论保证高产量的办法。 After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum，millet and corn.清明节一过，正是播种高梁、谷子和玉米的时节。,作定语注意两点,This is the best way to solve the problem.注意：用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。例如：Mary needs a frien

18、d to play with.There is nothing to worry about.Because air pollution has been greatly reduced， this city is still _ .A.a good place to liveB.a good place for living inC.a good place to be lived inD.a good place to live in,不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。例如：e.g. Here is a letter for you to type it

19、. Here is a letter for you to type.A： The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.B：The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。,5)状语,动词不定式作状语时，一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。 a)表示目的 He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京学习。 He went to Paris to lear

20、n French.他去巴黎学法文。 注一强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可变为in order to (为了)或so as to(以便)加动词原形。如： We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我们经常听广播，以便加强听力训练。 In order to learn acupuncture，she practiced on herself every day.为了学习针灸，她每天在自己身上试验。(注意in order to可放在句首) We must

21、have good soil so as to grow roses.种玫瑰花要有好的土壤。,注二动词不定式可以放在句首，使其所表示的目的更加明显突出。如： To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.要成为好的教师一定要有好的教学方法。 To defend our country we must strengthen ourselves.为了保卫祖国，我们必须自强不息。,b)表示结果,My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到亲眼看到我

22、的小女儿出生。 A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.几年后他回到家里，发现故乡的面貌大大地改变了。 注一 有时可以用too.to(太而不能)结构来表示结果办不到。如： He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了，不能参军。 It was too cold，to go out last night.昨晚太冷，无法出去。 注二 动词不定式和only连用时，常表示未预料到的结果。如： I went to see him only to find hi

23、m out.我去看他，不料他出去了。 I hurried to the post office，only to find it was closed.我匆忙赶到邮局，不料已经关门了,不定式做状语,c）表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. d）表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer.,e）作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.,f）不定式并列：第

24、二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.,注意有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语，如to begin with(首先)，to conclude(最后)，to be sure(当然)，to tell you the truth(老实对你说)等。,In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard.注意：不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。例如：A：The water is unfit to drink.B：The water

25、is unfit to drink it. A： They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand.B： They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand it.同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。,作状语时要注意：,作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。 He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wron

26、g：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.,作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。例如：right or wrong： A：To save money， we took the bus instead of plane. B：To save m

27、oney， the bus was taken instead of plane. 看一道2005年11月份的三级试题：To succeed in a scientific experiment，_.A.one needs being patient person.B.patience is to need.C.one needs to be patient.D.patience is what needed. 答案：C,含有动词不定式的复合宾语,动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾浯补足语。可有这种复合宾语结构的动词有get(请)，ask(请求)，order，persuade，advise，lik

28、e，want，tell(叫)，know，help，call on(号召，请求)，等等。Tell sb to do sth. 如： He got someone to repair the door.他请人修理门。 I persuaded my brother to change his mind.我说服我弟弟改变了主意。 The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫劝他好好休息。,不定式可充当宾语补足语,在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语， 如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, per

29、mit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。 The teacher told us not to be so noisy in the class. I expect you to give me some help in the experiment.,省掉to的动词不定式,在某些及物动词的复合宾语中，动词不定式须省掉to这些动词有：make(使)，let(让)，see(见)，watch(望)，hear(听)，have(使)，feel(觉得)等。动词help后不定式

30、的to可以省掉，也可以保留。如： Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古为今用，洋为中用。 He let me go home.他让我回家。 We must have someone repair the refrigerator.我们必须叫人来修电冰箱。 I heard him speak in the next room.我听到池在隔壁房间里讲话。 Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes.妈妈正帮蓓蒂刷鞋子。 注一上述句子变成被动语态时，动词不定式的to仍

31、须保留。,作宾补 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式（do原形）作宾语补足语 See sb. do sth. 1）感官动词：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel 2）使役动词：make, let, have（使得），help（可带to，也可不带to） What made him do that again and again? He was made to do his work again. 3）某些词组：would rather, would/had better,不带to的动词不定式,不定式不带to,表示生

32、理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to.这类词有：feel，observe 注意到 hear watch， perceive察觉，感知notice，see，look at 如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者(即逻辑主语)，就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。如：Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?The conference is too important for you to miss.,作宾补 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式（do）作宾语补足语 【注意】当感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式变成被动语态时，必须加to。

33、 I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. Henry is often seen_English aloud every morning in the classroom. A.read B.reads C.reading D.to read,不带to的不定式变被动,动词不定式的否定结构,动词不定式的否定结构由在不定式符号to之前加上not而成。如： He decided not to go home.他决定不回家。 The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on t

34、hin ice.教师警告学生不要在薄冰上滑冰。 I told him not to open the door.我叫他不要开门。,疑问词 + 动词不定式,疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how等后加动词不定式，构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如： When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(作主语) They told her where to find her little brother.他们告诉她到哪里找她的小弟弟。(作宾语) The teacher showed the

35、students how to do the exercise.老师教学生如何做练习。(作宾语) He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation.他对如何提高英语语音想得很多。(作介词的宾语),动词不定式一般所表示前后动作的时间关系,1)动词不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如： I saw him go out.我看见他出去了。(saw与go out两个动作同时发生) Would you help me put things in order before we leave?在我们离开之前，你帮

36、我整理一下东西好吗?(would help和put同时发生) 2)但在很多情况下，动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后；如： I hope to see you again.我希望再见到你。(to see这个动作发生在hope之后) The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.这男孩说他想做一个科学家。(to be在wanted之后),不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，多与某些动词、名词、形容词搭配。 一般有三种时态：,动词不定式的时态形式,动词不定式通常有三种时态形式，现以write为例： 一般式to write

37、进行式to be writing 完成式 to have written,每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者，不定式用主动式，如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。如：The doctor recommended him to air the room. 医生建议他保持房间通风。The doctor recommended the room to be aired.医生建议他让房间通风。,不定式的语态,（1）一般时：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与 谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后， Im glad to meet you. He seems to know

38、a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done.,（2）进行时：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room.,（3）完成时：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语 动词动作之前，例如： I regretted

39、 to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend.,4.被动式 The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done.,Exercise,-Is Bob Still performing ? -Im afraid not . He is said _ the stage already as he become an official. A. to

40、 have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left 解析：本题答案为 A 。根据句子的意思“据说他已经离开了舞台”，要用不定式的完成形式，当然要用主动形式。 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 解析：答案为 B 。动词不定式与 only 连用表示未曾预料的结果，hurried to be told 的意思为“被告知”，是hurry

41、的结果状语，用不定式的被动语态。,Robert is said _ abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A not make B not to make C not making D do not make 3. Ive worked

42、with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C to be expecting D expects,Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 5. It is said in Australia there is more land t

43、han the government knows _. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 6. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned out yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to

44、 meet D. to have met 8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 9. The patient was warmed _ oily food after the operation. to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 10. I would love _ to the party last nigh

45、t but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone,The teacher asked us _so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 2. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeingB. having seen C. to have seenD. to see 3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it. A. to seeB. to be seen C. se