Grammar and usage1.ppt

1、Grammar and usage,Unreal conditionals 虚拟语气中的非真实条件句,虚拟语气可用于条件句和其它一些从句中。虚拟语气用于条件句中比较多, 情况也比较复杂, 所以要特别加以注意, 首先要判断一下是否应该用虚拟语气, 因为条件句分为两种, 一种是真实条件句, 一,虚拟语气的介绍:,种是非真实条件句, 只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气, 在真实条件句中, 要用陈述语气。,非真实条件句的时态表达:,如果假设的情况完全不存在或者实现的可能性很小,可以说几乎没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表达,也就是说,这时的条件句是非真实的条件句。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。,

2、虚拟语气,1. 条件从句和主句中的虚拟语气,注:当从句的if省略时, 句子要倒装, 如 If I were you, I would not do that. Were I you, I would not do that.,注意:,在if I /he/she/it 之后, 可用were代替was。两者在意义上没有区别, 但是were更为正式, 特别是在称述心存怀疑的事情时: If she were ready, we would go.,在与将来事实相反的条件从句中,我们可以用were to或should +do来表示,如: If I were to fail my English test

3、, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.,注意:,If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.,Practice,Read the dialogue at page 40 and fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets.,在非真实条件句中,如果有were, had, should, 我们可以将if省略,把这些词置于句首,采用倒装形式,如:,虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装,I

4、f I should meet her, I would tell her. = Should I meet her, I would tell her. If I were in your position, I would do it better.,= Were I in your position, I would do it better. If they had made preparations, they would have succeeded. =Had they made preparations, they would have succeeded.,有时非真实条件句中

5、, 主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不同时发生, 这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述表格来进行, 而需要按照各自的时间来调整, 这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句。,错综时间条件句,如: If you had followed the doctors advice, then you would be all right now. If I hadnt finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow.,If she had prepared well for her lessons yester

6、day, she wouldnt have so many difficulties now.,有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示,而用其它方式来表示,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。,用with, without等介词短语或分词短语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句。,含蓄条件句,We might have died without your help. =We might have died if you hadnt helped us. Having known in time, we could have stopped it. = If we had known in time, we cou

7、ld stopped it.,在条件从句中除最常见的连词之外,尚有下列连词:otherwise; in case; but that; on condition that; unless; suppose/supposing (that); so long as; provided/providing (that),2. 用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构,I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. But that you had offered help, they couldnt have finished

8、their work on time.,I would have given you more money, but I was poor then. I would have called you, but I forgot your telephone number.,3. 通过上下文来虚拟,固定句式的虚拟语气, should+动词原 形, should可以省略： demand, suggest, advise, propose, insist, order, request, desire, urge, deserve, recommend, intend等词后所跟的宾语从句中, It

9、+ be + suggested / demanded + that 引导的主语从句 suggestion, proposal 引导的同位语从句 It is+ important / necessary + that 从句 for fear that (惟恐) 引导的从句中须 用should+动词原形,固定句式的虚拟语气, 从句中用过去式的(从句中, 如果表示与现在事实相反, 谓语动词用过去式; 如果表示与过去事实相反, 谓语动词用过去完成式。) as if, as though, wish, would rather, if only Its high (about) time + 从句时,

10、 从句谓语动词只能用过去式。,高考链接 1. I have no idea what he will do with them all and it took up a lot of time. (P42) 考点1 idea作先行词时的同位语从句。 考例 Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom? (辽宁2005) A thatB what C asD which 点拨 选B。what 在同位语从句中作主语。,考点2 take up 考例1 After he retired from office, Rogers

11、_ painting for a while, but soon lost interest. (山东2006) A. took up B. saved up C. kept up D. drew up 点拨 选A。take up在这里是“开始学习”的意思。save up储蓄；keep up维持，继续； draw up拟定，起草。,考例2 Helen always helps her mother even though going to school _ most of her day. (广东2004) A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts

12、 up 点拨 选A。take up占用时间。make up编造，和解，弥补；put up举起，张帖。,2. He seemed to give out a lot of business cards and got a bit upset when my classmate did not go through the proper procedure and just put it in his pocket without looking at it. (P42) 考点 give out,考例1 What shall we use for power when all the oil in

13、 the world has _?(山东2005) A. given out B. put out C. held up D. used up 点拨 选A。give out在这里的意思为“用完，耗尽”。put out使熄灭，吹灭，扑灭；hold up举起，耽误；use up也是“用完，耗尽”的意思，但应该使用被动语态。,考例2 The news of the mayors coming to our school for a visit was _ on the radio yesterday. (福建2007) A. turned out B. found out C. given outD

14、. carried out 点拨 选C。give out在这里的意思是“(消息等的)宣布，发布”。turn out结果是，证明是；find out查明，了解，发现；carry out实施，执行。,Magic Lantern,Magic Brush,Discussion:,What would you do if you had a?,Magic Stick,Time Machine,Practice,_ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. A. If it is not B. Were it no

15、t C. Had it not been D. If they were not,2. He came late, otherwise he _ the first bus. A. caught B. would catch C. would have caught D. had caught,3. Mary was going to the wedding if her friend _ her. A. hadnt called on B. didnt call at C. didnt call on D. hadnt called at 4. -Lets stop watching the

16、 boring TV programme, Jack! -If you dont watch it, I _ , either. A. dont B. wont C. am not D. stop,5.-Shall I tell John about the bad news? -No, you _. I think that will make him sad. A. neednt B. wouldnt C. shouldnt D. mustnt 6. Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? You _ somebody. A. mig

17、ht hurt B. could have hurt C. would hurt D. must have hurt,7. From what I hear about their hotel and the weather, they _ their holiday very much. A. would have enjoyed B. shouldnt have enjoyed C. neednt have enjoyed D. cant have enjoyed 8.-Did you hear me come in last night? -No, I _ asleep. A. cant

18、 be B. must be C. must have been D. couldnt have been,9.-Ill pay you by cheque monthly. -Id rather you _ me cash weekly. A. pay B. will pay C. are to pay D. paid 10. The doctor said, “Sir, you _ be sitting in this waiting room. Its for the children only.” A. oughtnt to B. cant C. mustnt D. wont,11.

19、-Did Wei Hua have breakfast before going to school yesterday? -No, but I think he _ have. A. will B. may C. should D. must 12.-Mum, may I got out and play? -No, you _ . A. wont B. dont C. arent able to D. cant,13. They didnt want to come with us at first. But then we _ persuade them. A. had managed

20、to B. were able to C. did try to D. would have to 14.-No one was prepared for Mr Hills questions. -I guess we _ the lesson last night. A.I would read B. ought to read C. should have read D. had read,15. I would have informed her if possible, but I _ so busy. A. were B. had been C. was D. would be,词语辨析 wage, salary, pay和income wage一般指工人等体力劳动者的“工资、工钱”，通常按时或按天计算，分周发给，常用复数形式。如： His wages are